This study aimed to clarify the effects of applied relaxation, cognitive therapy, and nitrous oxide sedation on dental fear and general emotional distress symptoms. Relationships among outcome measures and the Big Five personality dimensions (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) were also investigated. After treatment, a highly significant decline in a broad range of emotional distress symptoms as well as dental fear was found. No main treatment method effect or treatment X phase interaction effect with regard to dental fear or distress symptoms was found. Thus, the three treatment methods had highly similar effects, at least on a short-term basis. Significant correlations between neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness on one hand, and emotional distress symptoms on the other, were demonstrated. However, when initial symptom level was controlled for in multiple regression analysis, the statistical effects of personality variables generally disappeared.
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