ParentJ.D.KatzS., Int. Gas Technol. Research Bull. No 2, 110 (1948).
5.
Von FredersdoffC.G.ElliotM.A., “Coal Gasification”, Chapter 20, Che-mistry of Coal Utilization, Supplementary Volume, LowryH.H. (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc.N.Y., London, 1963.
6.
BeestingM.HartwellR.R.WilkinsonH.C., “Coal Rank and Coke Reactivity”, Fuel, 56, 319 (1977).
7.
WalkerP.L., “Gasification Rates Related to Coal Properties”, Presented at the Conference on Scientific Problems of Coal Utilization, West Virginia University, May 23–25, 1957.
8.
TimpeR.C.KulasR.W.HausermanW.B., “Characterization of Gasification Coal Char”, Proc. 7th Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1990, p. 94.
9.
JenkinsR.G.NandiS.P.WalkerP.L.Jr., “Reactivity Heat-Treated Coals in Air at 500°C”, Fuel, 52, 288 (1973).
10.
GronhovdG.H.SondrealE.A.KotowskiJ.WiltseeG., “Low-Rank Coal Technology. Lignite and Subbituminous”, Noyes Data Corporation, N.J., USA, 1982, pp. 428, 381, 397, 430, 81.
11.
EllmanR.C., “Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasification: Project Status at the Grant Forks Energy Technology Center”, Technology and Use of Lignite, KubeW.R.GronhovdG.H. (eds.), U.S. Dept. of Energy Rept. GFETC/IC-79/1, 1979, P. 236.
12.
WalkerP.L.Jr.MahajanO.P.KomatsuM., “Catalysts of Lignite Char Gasification by Various Exchanged Cations - Dependence of Activity on Rea-ctive Atmosphere”, Fuel, 57, 10 (1978).
13.
OttoK.BartosiewiczL.ShelefM., “Catalysis in Carbon-Steam Gasification by Ash Components from two Lignites”, Fuel, 58, 85 (1979).
14.
FurimskyE., “Catalytic Effect of Mineral Matter of High Ash Onakawana Lignite on Steam Gaficication”, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64, 293 (1986).
15.
KöpselR.ZabawskiH., “Catalytic Effect of Ash Components in Low-Rank Coal Gasification. 1. Gasification with Carbon Dioxide”, Fuel, 69, 275 (1990).
16.
KöpselR.ZabawskiH., “Catalytic Effect of Ash Components in Low-Rank Coal Gasification. 2. Gasification with Steam”, Fuel, 69, 282 (1990).
17.
MiuraK.ZhoH.HashimotoK., “Effect of CaO Dispersion on the Appearance of a Two-Step Reaction in Air Gasification of Coal Chars Produced from a Low-Rank Coal”, Energy Fuels, 7, 669 (1993).
18.
AdanezJ.DeDiegoL.F., “Reactivity of Lignite Chars with Carbon Dioxide. Effect of the Mineral Matter.”, An. Quim., 86, 481 (1990).
19.
TimpeR.C.WilsonW.G.SearsR.E.“Hydrogen from Low-Rank Coal. Char Properties and Reactivity of Gasification Feedstocks”, Indust. And Engineering Chemistry Research, 30(2), 303 (1991).
20.
HebdenD.ShoudH.J.E., “Coal Gasification Processes”, Chapter 24, Chemistry of Coal Utilization, Second Supplementary Volume, ElliottM.A. (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc.N.Y., London, 1985.
21.
SchillingH.D.BonnB.KraussV., “Coal Gasification”, Graham and Trotman. London, 1981, pp. 22–96, 210, 254.
22.
SmootL.D.SmithP.J., “Coal Combustion and Gasification”, Pleuun Press, New York, 1985.
23.
RudolphP.F.H., “The Lurgi Process. The Route to SNG from Coal”, Presented at 4th Synthetic Pipeline Gas Symp., Chicago, 1972.
24.
SimbeckD.R.DickensonR.L.OliverE.D., “Coal Gasification Systems: A Guide to Status, Applications and Economics”, Final Report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Acto, CA, Synthetic Fuels Associates, Mountain View, CA, Project 2207, EPRI AP-3109, 1983.
25.
NowackiP., “Coal Gasification Processes”, Energy Technology Review No 70, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J., 1981, p. 186, 166, 277, 268.
26.
BodnarukB.J., “The Great Plains Coal Gasification Project Status”, Transactions of the ASME, 108, 432 (1986).
27.
SplightJ.G., “The Chemistry and Technology of Coal”. Marcel Deltker, New York, 1983.
28.
“Phase I: The Pipeline Gas Demonstration Plant”, Annual Technical Progress Report, July, 1987-June 30, 1978, Conoco Oil Company, DOE Contract No EF-77-C-01–25–43, Document No FE-2542–12.
29.
SondrealE.A., “Impact of Fuel Properties on Advanced Power Systems: Cradle to Grave Approach”, JonesM.L. (Ed.), Proc. 17th Bienn. Low-Rank Fuels Symp., Energy Environmental Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 1993, p. 91.
30.
GronhovdG.H., “Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasification of North Dakota Lignite at Pressures to 400psig”, U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 7408, 1970.
31.
HamiltonG.W., “Gasification of Solid Fuels”, Cost Eng., 8, 4 (1963).
32.
BerkowitzN., “An Introduction to Coal Technology”, Academic Press, 1979, p. 250.
33.
Howard-SmithI.WernerG.J., “Coal Conversion Technology”, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, N.J., 1976.
34.
DarekhR.D., “Handbook of Gasifiers and Gas Treatment Systems”, U.S. De-partment of Energy Report, UOPISDC, McLean, VA, Contract No DE-AC01–78ET10159, WD-TR-82/008–010, 1982.
35.
EdgarT.F., “Coal Processing and Pollution Control”, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1983, p. 133.
36.
“Economic Studies of Coal Gasification Combined Cycle Systems for Electric Power Generation”, prepared by Fluor, Inc., EPRI Report No. AF-642, Palo Acto, CA, 94304, Jan., 1978.
37.
BoegnerF.KendronT.J.SubramanianT.K., “Winkler Fluid Bed Coal Gasification Experience with Low Grade Coals”, Proc. Int. Conf. Coal Gasif. Lique. Conv. Elect., 1980, p. 217.
38.
Energy Resources Co. Inc., “Low-Rank Coal Study”, Vol. 3, Technology Evaluation, U.S. Dept. Energy Rept. DOE/FC/10066-TI(Vol.3), 1980.
39.
FrankeF.H.PatlasE.AdlhochW., “First Experimental Results on O-peration of the High Temperature Winkler Process in a Semi-Technical Plant”, Symposium on Technology and Use of Lignite, Grand Forks, N.D., May 1979, DOE GFETC/IC-79/1, 1979, p. 278.
40.
FemmerU.LambertJ.TheisK.A., “Gasification of Brown Coal for the Generation of Synthesis Gas”, Energy Progress, 7, 97 (1987).
41.
WischnewskiR.GlasmarcherT.BeisswegnerH., “HTW Coal Gasification and its Integration into the Combined Cycle Power Plant Kobra”, International Exhibition and Conference for the Power Generation Exhibition and Conference, Vol. 7–8, 1991, p. 1411.
42.
TheisK.A.LambertzJ., “State of Development of the HTW Proces, Regarding its Suitability for Combined-Cycle Power Stations”, VTT Symposium, Vol. 1, No. 107, 1989, p. 347.
43.
BergmannH.EngelhardJ., “The Development of Lignite-Fired Combi-ned Cycle Plants with Coal Gasification”, Cogeneration and Combined Cycle Plants Design, Interconnection and Turbine Application, American Society, Vol. 11, 1990, p. 43.
44.
BodleW.W.HueblerJ., “Coal Gasification”, Coal Handbook, MeyersR.A. (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981.
45.
“Clean Coal Technology”, U.S. Department of Energy, DOEIFE-0193P, No-vember, 1990.
46.
StastnyM.ChrzV., “IGCC 250 MW Project for Brown Coals”, American Society for Mechanical Engineers, 95-CTP-75, N.Y., 1995, p. 6.
47.
“Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program”, U.S. Department of Energy Report, Washington, DOE/FE-02999, March, 1994.
48.
EpperlyW.R.SiepelH.M., “Catalytic Coal Gasification SNG Production”, Proc. 11th Intersociety of Energy Conversion Engineering Conf., State Line, Nev., Sept. 12–17, 1976.
49.
British Pat. 1435089, General Electric Company, May 12, 1976.
50.
WoodsR.W., “The Kiln Gas Coal Gasification System”, 5th Annual Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, Pittsburgh, August 1998.
51.
RahfuseR.V.GoffG.B.LiberatoreA.J., “Noncaking Coal Gasified in a Stirred-Bed Producer”, U.S. Bur. Mines Clean Energy Program, Tech. Prog. Rep. No. 77, March, 1974.
52.
LoedingJ.W.PatelJ.G., “IGT U-Gas Process”, presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Washington, D.C., December, 1974.
53.
HartmanH.F.BelkJ.P.ReaganD.E., “Low-Btu Coal Gasification Processes. Vol. 2. Selected Process Desecriptions”, Dak Ridge National La-boratory, November, 1978.
54.
PatelJ.G.LeppinD., “The U-Gas Process”, presented at the Sixth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity at the University of Pittsburgh, July 31-August 2, 1979.
55.
HartmanH.F., “Low-Btu Coal Gasification Processes”, Vol. 2, Selected Process Description, ORNL/ENG/TM-13V2, November 1978.
56.
HueblerJ.SchoraF.J.LeeB.S., “The HYGAS Coal Gasification Pro-cess”, in Energy Technology Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
57.
LeeB.S., “Stauts of the HYGAS Program”, Presented at 7th Synthetic Pipeline Gas Symp., Chicago, October, 1975.
58.
AnastasiaL.J., “The HYGAS Process”, Presented at Clean Fuels from Coal Symp., IGT, Chicago, June, 1975.
59.
CurranG.P., Chem. Eng., 62(2), 80(1966)
60.
FinkC.E.VardamanM.H., Proc. Lignite Symp., Grand Forks, North Dakota, May, 1973
61.
FinkC.E.CurvanG.P.SubduryJ.D., Proc. Synth. Pipeline Gas Symp., 7th, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1975.
62.
FinkG., “CO2 Acceptor Process Pilot Plant-1975, Rapid City, South Dakota”, Presented at 7th Synthetic Pipeline Gas Sympl, Chicago, October, 1975.
63.
FinkC.E.CurranG.P.SudburyJ.D., “CO2-Acceptor Process Pilot Plant-1974, Rapid City, South Dakota”, KubeW.R.GronhovdG.H. (eds.), Technology and Use of Lignite, U.S. Energy Res. Devel. Admin. Rept. GFERC/IC-75/2, 1975, p. 239.
64.
GallagherJ.E.EnkerC.A.Jr., “Catalytic Coal Gasification for SNG Ma-nufacture”, Presented at the Sixth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, at the University of Pittsburgh, July 31-August 2, 1979.
65.
ClarkW.N.ShorterV.R., “Coal Water Coal Gasification: A Mid-term Performance Assessment”, Mining Engineering, 39, 97 (1987).
66.
KellerJ., “Dirersification of Feedstocks and Products: Recent Trends in the Development of Solid Fuel Gasification Using the Texaco and the HTW Process”, Fuel Processing Technology, 24, 247 (1990).
67.
PattersonR.C., “The Combustion Engineering Coal Gasification Program”, Presented at ASME-IEEE Joint Power Generation Conf., Portland, Ore., Sept.-Oct., 1975.
Van der BurgtM.M., “Clean Syngas from Coal”, Hydrocarbon Proc., 58, 161 (1979).
70.
LuthiH.K.HopeT., “A Study for the Application of SHELL's Proven Coal Gasification Technology Integrated with the ASEA BROWN BOVERI State of the Art Gas Turbine Type BE Into a 250MW Gasification Combined Cycle (GCC) Module”, Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 1, 1989, p. 411.
71.
PhillipsJ.N.MahagaokarU.KrewinghausA.B., “Shell Coal Gasification Project: Gasification of Eleven Diverse Feeds”, Elect. Power Res. Inst. Rept. GS-7531, 1992.
72.
JenkinsS.C., “the Dow Syngas Project and the Clean Air Act”, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 53, 1991, p. 732.
73.
PriceD.W.TsatsaronisG., “Design Analysis of Dow-Based IGCC Power Plants”, Thermodynamics and the Design Analysis and Improvement of Energy Systems, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Advanced Energy Systems Division, Vol. 30, 1993, p. 355.
74.
“Handbook of Gasifiers and Gas Treatment Systems”, Final Report, prepared by Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa, for U.S. ERDA under contract No E(47–18) 1972, February, 1976.
75.
FuessmanG.RossbackM., “High Pressure Coal Gasification with the Saarberg-Otto Gasifier”, 5th Annual Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefa-ction and Conversion to Electricity, Pittsburgh, August, 1978.
LarosaP.McGarreyR.J., “Fuel Gas from Molten Iron Gel Gasification”, Clean Fuels from Coal Symposium, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, September, 1973.
78.
KarnavasJ.A.LarosaP.L.PelczarskiE., “Atgas - A New Coal Gasification Process to Produce Pipeline Quality Gas”, Presented at American Institute of Chemical Engineers 65th Annual Meeting, N.Y., November, 1972.
79.
EdgarT.F.GreggD.W., “Underground Coal Gasification of Coal”, Che-mistry of Coal Utilization, ElliotM.A. (Ed.), 2nd Supplementary Volume, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981, p. 1801.
80.
KrantzW.B.GynnR.D.“Underground Coal Gasification: The State of the Art”, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, AICHE Symposium Series, 79 (226), 1983.
81.
TsaiS.C.GrahamC.H.OderR.R., “Subterranean Gasification of Bitu-minous Coal”, U.S. patent pending, “Underground Gasification of Bituminous Coal”, U.S. patent 4299285, Nov. 10, 1981 and “In Situ Gasification of Bitu-minous Coal”, U.S. patent 4296809, Oct. 27, 1981.
82.
ReznikA.A.FultonP.F.LienC.L., “The Measurement of the Flow Properties of Coals for in Situ Gasification”, Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. ET 78-S-02–4639, Jan., 1979.
83.
De CromburggheO., “Underground Gasification of Coal in USSR”, Annuales des Mines de BelgiqueNo. 5, 478, 1950; U.S. Bureau of Mines Translation No. BM-394.
84.
JolleyL.J.BoothN., Fuel, 24, 31 (1945).
85.
“U.S. Department of Energy Underground Coal Conversion Program Descri-ption”, DOE-ET-0100, June, 1979.
86.
SkafaP.V., “Underground Gasification of Coal”, Cosndaibt-Vennoe Hanchno-Tekhnicheskoe Isdatel’ stvo Literatury Po Gornomu Delu, 1960; Lowtence Li-vermore Laboratory Translation Report, UCRL-TRANS-10880, 1975.
87.
BondarenkoS.T.BrodskayaB. Kh.LyandresS.N.MeerovichE.A.Pan'kovskiiV.I.ReznikovA.D., “Application of Electric Current for Direct Action on a Seam of Fuel in Shagtless Underground Gasification”, G.M. Krz-hizhanorvskii. Power Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954; Law-rence Lirermore Laboratory Translation, UCRL-TRANS-11084.
88.
LarrovI.V.FarberovI.L.PitinR.N., “Methods of Underground Gasification of Coal”, Vestnik Inzhenerov I. Tekhnikov, No. 5, 1940; Lawrence Lirermore Laboratory Translation, UCRL-TRANS-11084.
89.
KreininE.V.RevvaM., “Underground Gasification of Coal”, Kemerov-skoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stov, 1966; Lawrence Lirermore Laboratory Translation.
90.
KlimentovP.P., “Hydraulic Fracturing for Underground Gasification of Coal Deposits”, Izvestiua Vysskikh Uchebnykh Zaredenis-Geologiy I Razvedka, No. 10, 97, 1964; Saudia Laboratory Translation, SLA-73–6002, 1973.
91.
OlnessD.GreggD.W., “The Historical Development of Underground Gasification”, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration Report, University of California, Lawrence Lirermore Laboratory, Lirermore, CA, Con-tract No. W-7405-Eng-48, UCRL-52283, 1977.
HammersfahrF.W., “Underground Coal Gasification”, Energy Progress, 2(2), 95 (1982).
94.
StephensD.R., “The Private Sectro Involvement in Underground Coal Gasifi-cation”, Proceedings of the 5th Underground Coal Conversion Symposium, Alexandria, Virginia, June 18–21, 1979.