This article deals with the relationship between type of ownership, social structure and ideology in communal societies, cooperatives and other types of 'third-way' organizations. A typology is suggested differentiating between two polar ideal types of such organizations. One polar type is that of non-utilitarian multifunctional communities with a high level of solidarity and ideological commitment. The Israeli kibbutz was originally close to that type. On the other pole would be unifunctional organizations based mainly on utilitarian economic motivations, as exemplified by ESOPs and many conventional cooperatives. The location of other types of 'third-way' organizations between the two poles is suggested.
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