Ontaro Institute for Studies in Educafton This paper analyzes four relatively recent models for the creation of worker-owned enterprises in Canada. The models are: (1) an integrated system of worker cooperatives; (2) integrating worker cooperatives within a system of other types of cooperatives; (3) a system of multi-stakeholder cooperatives; and (4) joint ventures involving a cooperative of the workers in partnership with privately owned corporations, private entrepreneurs and in some cases with established worker cooperatives. These four models are analyzed in terms of their potential to overcome problems that have traditionally plagued worker cooperative development.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ackoff, R.L.
(1981) Creating the Corporate Future. New York: Wiley.
2.
Arsenault, G.
(1989) The Island Acadians: 1720-1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed.
3.
Arsenault, R.
(1988) 'Evangeline, Prince Edward Island: The Uncontested Co-op Capital', Worker Co-op7 (3): 7-10.
4.
Beaulieu, L.
(1987) 'Major Quebec Labour Federation Starts Organizing Worker Coops', Worker Co-op6 (3): 20-21.
5.
Beaulieu, L.
(forthcoming) 'Converting Ambulance Companies to Worker Co-ops', Worker Co-op9 (4).
6.
Bradley, K.
and Gelb, A. (1983) Worker Capitalism: The New Industrial Relations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7.
Bridault, A.
and Lafreniere, G. (1989) 'Social History of Worker Co-operatives in Quebec', in J. Quarter and G. Melnyk (eds) Partners in Enterprise: The Worker Ownership Phenomenon. Montreal: Black Rose.
8.
Carbonneau, C.
(1989a) 'New President of Forestry Co-operatives', Worker Co-op9 (2): 14-14.
9.
Carbonneau, C.
(1989b) 'New Development Policy in Quebec', Worker Coop9 (1): 8-8.
10.
Carbonneau, C.
(1990) 'Quebec Federation', Worker Co-op. 9 (3): 11-11.
11.
Clark, D.
and Guben, M. (1983) Future Bread. Philadelphia: 0 & 0 Investment Fund.
12.
Co-operatives Canada (1988) Ottawa: Canadian Co-operative Association.
13.
Cornforth, C.
(1988) 'Can Entrepreneurship be Institutionalized? The Case of Worker Co-operatives', International Small Business Journal6 (4): 10-19.
14.
Cornforth, C.
and Lewis, J. (1985) The Role and Impact of Local Co-operative Support Organizations. Milton Keynes: Co-operative Research Unit, Open University.
15.
Cornforth, C.
, Thomas, A., Lewis, J. and Spear, R. (1988) Developing Successful Worker Co-operatives. London: SAGE Publications.
16.
Daniel, A.
(1976) Labor Enterprises in Israel. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press.
17.
Donkervoort, M.
(1989) 'Worker Co-ops Have to Overcome Hang-ups About Promotion', Worker Co-op9 (2): 21-21.
18.
Driscoll, F.
(1988) 'The Phoenix Rises from UMF's Ashes', Worker Co-op8 (1): 19-19.
19.
Driscoll, F.
(1990) 'Atlantic Fish Co-ops (AFCO) Co-ordinate Marketing', Worker Co-op9(3): 13-13.
20.
Earle, J.
(1986) The Italian Co-operative Movement. London: Allen and Unwin.
21.
Ellerman, D.
(1982) The Socialization of Entrepreneurship: The Empresarial Division of the Caja Laboral Popular. Somerville, MA: Industrial Co-operative Association.
22.
Gallant, E.
(1986) 'P.E.I. Potato Chip Co-op is a Community Effort', Worker Co-op6 (2): 36-37.
23.
Haalboom, T.
and Jordan, J. (1987) 'The Multi-stakeholder Co-operative', Worker Co-op6 (3): 10-13.
24.
Hochner, A.
, Granrose, C., Goode, J., Simon, E. and Appelbaum, E. (1988). Job-Saving Strategies: Worker Buyouts and Q WL. Kalamazoo: Upjohn.
25.
Horvat, B.
(1982) The Political Economy of Socialism: A Marxist Social Theory. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
26.
Jordan, J.
(1981) 'Developing Worker Co-operatives', Working Paper No. 12. Saskatoon: Co-operative College of Canada.
27.
Jordan, J.
(1986) 'A system of Interdependent Firms as a Development Strategy', in S. Jansson and A.B. Hellmark (eds.) Labor-Owned Firms and Workers Co-operatives. Aldershot: Gower.
28.
Jordan, J.
(1989) 'The Multi-stakeholder Concept of Organization', in J. Quarter and G. Melnyk (eds) Partners in Enterprise. Montreal: Black Rose.
29.
Kalish, G.
(ed.) (1989) ESOPs: The Handbook of Employee Stock Ownership Plans. Chicago: Probus.
30.
Kealey, G.
(1980) Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
31.
Kealey, G.
and Palmer, B. (1982) Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32.
Kreiner, S.
(1986) 'Unions and Worker Ownership', Worker Co-op5 (4): 12-15.
33.
Kreiner, S.
(1988) 'A Targeted Approach to Worker Co-operative Development in North America', Worker Co-op8 (2): 42-42.
34.
LaRue, J.
(1986) 'Why Quebec is so Successful in Developing Worker Co-operatives', Worker Co-op6 (2): 42-42.
35.
Levesque, B. (1985) Profil socio-economique des cooperatives de travail au Quebec. Montreal: University of Quebec.
36.
Lindenfeld, F.
(forthcoming) 'O & 0: The Rise and Fall of a Great Idea', Worker Coop9 (4).
37.
Long, R.
(1984) 'Employee Ownership and Better Labour-Management Relations', Congressional Record 29 June: 7-7.
38.
MacDonald, G.
(1989) 'Organized Labour Encouraged Worker Co-ops in the 19th Century', Worker Co-op9 (1): 22-24.
39.
MacLeod, G.
(1986) New Age Business. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.
40.
Melnyk, G.
(1985) The Search for Community. Montreal: Black Rose.
41.
Melnyk, G.
(1986) 'Lessons from the Past: The Tension between Worker and Consumer Co-operatives in 19th-century Britain', Worker Co-op5 (4): 21-22.
42.
Melnyk
(1987) 'Developing Communities through Clusters of Co-ops', Worker Co-op6(3): 16-17.
43.
Milford, P.
(1986) 'Worker Co-operatives and Consumer Co-operatives: Can They Be Combined?' in S. Jansson and A.B. Hellmark (eds) Labor-Owned Firms and Workers' Co-operatives. Aldershot: Gower.
44.
Morgan, M.L.
and Quarter, J. (forthcoming) 'The Problems of a Successful Worker Co-op: The Case of The Big Carrot', in J. Wisman (ed.) Worker Empowerment: The Economic and Industrial Democracy Struggle for Workplace Democracy. New York: Bootstrap Press.
45.
Normick Chambord (1989) Coop de travail 8 (3): 6-7
46.
Oakeshott, R.
(1978) The Case for Workers' Co-ops. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
47.
Quarter, J.
(1985) 'Worker Co-operatives in Israel: The Complex Relationship with Organized Labour', Worker Co-op5 (2): 17-18.
48.
Quarter, J.
(1988) 'Wanted Co-operative Entrepreneurs', Worker Co-op8 (2): 36-36.
49.
Quarter, J.
(1989a) 'Worker Ownership: One Movement or Many', in J. Quarter and G. Melnyk (eds) Partners in Enterprise. Montreal: Black Rose.
50.
Quarter, J.
(1989b) 'Starting Worker-owned Enterprises: Problems and Prospects', in J. Quarter and G. Melnyk (eds) Partners in Enterprise. Montreal: Black Rose.
51.
Quarter, J.
(1990) 'A Worker Co-op Federation for Canada', Worker Co-op9 (3): 7-7.
52.
Quarter, J.
and Hannah, J. (1989) 'From Worker Buyouts to a Conversions Strategy', in J. Quarter and G. Melnyk (eds) Partners in Enterprise. Montreal: Black Rose.
53.
Quarter, J.
, Brown, J. and Hannah, J. (1990) 'The Political Agenda of Worker-owners', paper presented at the Learned Societies, Quebec City, 1989.
54.
Rosen, C.
(1987) 'U.S. Tax Law Encourages Employee Ownership', `Worker Co-op6 (3): 6-8.
55.
Roy, A.
(1988) Worker Co-operatives: The Canadian Scene. Ottawa: Co-operative Secretariat.
56.
Thomas, H.
and Logan, C. (1982) Mondragon: An Economic Analysis. London: Allen and Unwin.
57.
Vanek, J.
(1972) The Economics of Workers' Management. A Yugoslav Case Study. London: Allen and Unwin.
58.
Vincent, P.
(1985) L'imprimerie cooperative Harpell. Montreal: Centre de Gestion des Cooperatives.
59.
Ward, B.
(1958) 'The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism', American Economic Review48: 566-589.
60.
Weiner, H.
with Oakeshott, R. (1987) Worker Owners: Mondragon Revisited. London: Anglo-German Foundation.
61.
Whyte, W.
and Whyte, K. (1988) Making Mondragon. New York: ILR Press.
62.
Woodworth, W.
(1989) 'Re-steeling the U.S.', Worker Co-op8 (4): 13-16.
