This report compares sex differences in motivation to pledge money to become an employee-owner among 943 men and women workers faced with an area-wide shutdown of supermarkets. Women and men were equally likely to desire employee-ownership, but some differences exist in factors related to their decision. Among women, support for the union contract and entrepreneurial ideals was related to desire for employee-ownership, and having insufficient income was the most important barrier. Among men, entrepreneurial ideals, risk taking and collective ideals were important predictors of pledging while protecting seniority benefits was the most important detractor.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, J.R. F.P. Lawrence
and S.J. Cook (1979) 'Analyzing Stereotypes of Women in the Work Force, Sex Roles, 5: 581-594.
2.
Bartol, K.M.
and M.S. Wortman (1975) 'Male Versus Female Leaders; Effects on Perceived Leader Behavior and Satisfaction in a Hospital', Personnel Psychology, 28: 533-547.
3.
Bernstein, P.
(1976) Work Place Democratization: Its Internal Dynamics. Ohio: Kent State University Press.
4.
Bernstein, P.
(1980) Work Place Democratization. New Brunswick: Transaction.
5.
Broverman, I.K.
, D.M. Broverman, F.E. Clarkson, P.S. Rosenkrantz, S.R. Vogel, (1972) 'Sex Role Stereotypes: A Current Appraisal', Journal of Social Issues, 28: 59-78.
6.
Cash, T.F.
, B. Gillen and D.S. Burns (1977) "'Sexism and Beautyism" in Personnel Consultant Decision Making', Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 301-310.
7.
Conte, M.
, and A.S. Tannenbaum (1978) Employee-Owned Companies: Is the Difference Measureable?', Monthly Labor Review, 101: 23-28.
8.
Corcoran, M.
, G.J. Duncan (1979) 'Work History, Labor Force Attachment and Earnings: Differences Between Races and Sexes', Journal of Human Resources, 17: 3-20.
9.
Deaux, K.
, and E. Farris (1977) 'Attributing Causes for One's Own Performance: The Effects of Sex, Norms and Outcome', Journal of Research in Personality, 11: 59-72.
10.
Eisenbeis, R.A.
(1977) 'Pitfalls in the Application of Discriminant Analysis in Business, Finance and Economics', Journal of Finance, 32: 875-900.
11.
Hammer, T.
and R. Stern (1980) 'Employee Ownership: Implications for the Organizational Distribution of Power', Academy of Management Journal, 23: 78-100.
12.
Harlan, A.
, and C.L. Weiss (1980) 'Sex Differences in Factors Affecting Managerial Career Advancement', Working Paper No 56. Wellesley, Mass.: Centre for Research on Women, Wellesley College.
13.
Heberlein, T.A.
, and R. Baumgartner (1978) 'Factors Affecting Response Rates to Mailed Questionnaires: A Quantitative Analysis of the Published Literature', American Sociological Review, 43: 447-462.
14.
Hennig, M.
and A. Jardim (1977) The Managerial Woman. New York: Pocket Books.
15.
Hochner, A.
and C. Granrose (1986, in press) 'Sources of Motivation to Choose Employee Ownership as an Alternative to Job Loss', Academy of Management Journal.
16.
Johnson, B.L.
(1979) 'Women Who Head Families 1970-1977: Their Numbers Rose, Income Lagged', Monthly Labor Review, 101: 32-37.
17.
Kanter, R.M.
(1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
18.
Koziara, K.
, and D. Pierson (1981) 'A Lack of Female Union Leaders: A Look at Some Reasons', Monthly Labor Review, 104: 30-30.
19.
Lenny, E.
(1977) 'Women's Self-Confidence in Achievement Settings', Psychological Bulletin, 84: 1-13.
20.
Lipman-Blumen, J.
, and H.J. Leavitt (1976). 'Vicarious and Direct Achievement Patterns in Adulthood', The Counseling Psychologist, 6: 26-31.
21.
Litman-Adizes, T.
, G. Fontaine and B.H. Raven (1978) 'Consequences of Social Power and Causal Attribution for Compliance as Seen by Powerholder and Target', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4: 260-264.
22.
Long, R.J.
(1982) 'Worker Ownership and Job Attitudes: A Field Study', Industrial Relations. 21: 196-215.
23.
Nie, N.H.
, C.H. Hull, J.G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner and Ph.H. Best (1975) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, second edition. New York: McGraw Hill.
24.
O'Toole, J.
(1979) 'The Uneven Record of Employee Ownership: Is Worker Capitalism a Fruitful Opportunity or an Impractical Idea?'Harvard Business Review, 57: 185-197.
25.
Parnes, H.S.
, C.L. Jusenius, F. Blau, G. Nestel, R. Shortledge Jr. and S. Sandell (1975). Work Careers: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Labor Market Experience of Women. Columbus, Ohio: Center for Human Resources Research.
26.
Roper Organization
(1980) The Virginia Slims American Women's Opinion Poll: a survey of contemporary attitudes. Storrs: Roper Center, University of Connecticut.
27.
Rosen, C.
(1982) Employee Ownership. Washington, DC: National Center for Employee Ownership.
28.
Rothschild-Whitt, J.
(1979) 'The Collectivist Organization: An Alternative to Rational-Bureaucratic Models', American Sociological Review, 44: 509-527.
29.
Saleh, S.
and M. Lalljee (1969) 'Sex and Job Orientation', Personnel Psychology, 22: 465-471.
30.
Schein, U.E.
(1975) 'Relationship Between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics among Female Managers', Journal of Applied Psychology, 60: 240-244.
31.
Shirom, A.
(1972) 'The Industrial Relations Systems of Industrial Cooperatives in the United States, 1880-1935', Labor History, 13: 533-551.
32.
Stern, R.N.
and T.H. Hammer (1978) 'Buying Your Job: Factors Affecting the Success or Failure of Employee Acquisition Attempts', Human Relations, 31: 1101-1117.
33.
Stern, R.N.
, H. Wood and T.H. Hammer (1979) Employee Ownership in Plant Shutdowns. Kalamazoo, MI.: Upjohn Institute.
34.
Strache, K.
(1976) 'Personality Characteristics of Men and Women Administrators', Paper presented at the A.P.A. annual meeting, Washington, DC.
35.
Tannenbaum, A.S.
(1968) Control in Organizations. New York: McGraw Hill.
36.
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
(1980) Perspectives on Working Women: A Databook. Bulletin 2080. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
37.
Wertheimer, B.M.
(1977) We Were There: The Story of Working Women in America. New York: Pantheon Books.
38.
Whyte, W.F.
, T.H. Hammer, C.B. Meek, R. Nelson and R.N. Stern (1983) Worker Participation and Ownership. Ithaca, New York: ILR Press, Cornell University.
39.
Woodworth, W.
(1982) 'Collective Power and Liberation of Work'. Paper presented at the 10th World Congress of Sociology, Mexico City, Mexico.
40.
Workplace Democracy: Special Women's Issue (Fall, 1983). Washington DC: Association for Workplace Democracy.
41.
Zwerdling, D.
(1980) Workplace Democracy. NY: Harper.
