This article analyzes separately for men and women the main factors associated with labor underutilization (underemployment and unemployment) in Spain before and after the economic crisis. It does so by means of a novel application of the mixed logit econometric model, which has not been used before in the specialized literature on this topic and which represents a significant advance with respect to previous models. The results evidence significant modifications during this period of crisis and underscore important differences between men and women pertaining to these two conditions of labor underutilization.
AndersonSWinefieldAH (2011) The impact of underemployment on psychological health, physical health, and work attitudes. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 165–185.
2.
BarrettGFDoironDJ (2001) Working part-time: By choice or by constraint. Canadian Journal of Economics34(4): 1042–1065.
3.
BarriosJARodríguezJE (2007) Housing and urban location decisions in Spain: An econometric analysis with unobserved heterogeneity. Urban Studies44(9): 1657–1676.
4.
BarriosJARodríguezJE (2008) Housing demand in Spain according to dwelling type: Microeconometric evidence. Regional Science and Urban Economics38: 363–377.
5.
BashshurMRHernándezAPeiróJM (2011) The impact of underemployment on individual and team performance. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 187–213.
6.
BaumSMitchellW (2008) Adequate employment, underutilization and unemployment: An analysis of labour force outcomes for Australian youth. Australian Journal of Labor Economics11(3): 187–202.
7.
BaumSMitchellWF (2010) Labour underutilisation and gender: unemployment versus hidden-unemployment. Population Research and Policy Review29(2): 233–248.
8.
BaumSBillAMitchellWF (2008) Labour underutilisation in metropolitan labour markets in Australia: Individual characteristics, personal circumstances and local labour markets. Urban Studies45(5/6): 1193–1216.
9.
BaumSBillAMitchellWF (2009) Employability and labour under-utilization in non-metropolitan labour markets. Regional Studies43(8): 1091–1103.
10.
BellDNFBlanchflowerDG (2013) Underemployment in the UK revisited. National Institute Economic Review224: F8–F22.
11.
BijwaardGVan DijkBDe KoningJ (2008) Working time preferences, labour market transitions and job satisfaction. In: MuffelsRJA (ed.) Flexibility and Employment Security in Europe: Labour Markets in Transition. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 255–280.
12.
BoydJMelmanR (1980) The effect of fuel economy standards on the U.S. automotive market: An hedonic demand analysis. Transportation Research14A(5–6): 367–378.
13.
BrownstoneDTrainK (1999) Forecasting new product penetration with flexible substitution patterns. Journal of Econometrics89: 109–129.
14.
CamS (2014) The underemployed: Evidence from the UK Labour Force Survey for a conditionally gendered top-down model. Journal of Social Science Studies1(2): 47–65.
15.
CardellNDunbarF (1980) Measuring the societal impacts of automobile downsizing. Transportation Research14A: 423–434.
16.
ConnellyCEWilkinCLGallagherDG (2011) Understanding underemployment among contingent workers. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 145–162.
17.
De AndaRMSobczakM (2011) Underemployment among Mexican-origin women. The Social Science Journal48: 621–629.
18.
De JongGFMadambaAB (2001) A double disadvantage? Minority group, immigrant status, and underemployment in the United States. Social Science Quarterly82(1): 117–130.
19.
DoironDJ (2003) Is under-employment due to labour hoarding? Evidence from the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. Economic Record79: 306–323.
20.
EamonMKWuC (2011) Effects of unemployment and underemployment on material hardship in single-mother families. Children and Youth Services Review33(2): 233–241.
21.
FeldmanDC (1996) The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management22(3): 385–407.
22.
FriedlandDSPriceRH (2003) Underemployment: Consequences for the health and well-being of workers. American Journal of Community Psychology32(1/2): 33–45.
23.
GörgHStroblE (2003) The incidence of visible underemployment: Evidence for Trinidad and Tobago. The Journal of Development Studies39(3): 81–100.
24.
GreenGPSánchezL (2007) Does manufacturing still matter?Population Research and Policy Review26(5): 529–551.
25.
HajivassiliouVRuudP (1994) Classical estimation methods for LDV models using simulation. In: EngleRMcFaddenD (eds) Handbook of Econometrics. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 2383–2441.
26.
HaugenSE (2009) Measures of labor underutilization from the current population survey. BLS Working Paper 424, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor.
27.
HensherDA (2001a) The sensitivity of the valuation of travel time savings to the specification of unobserved effects. Transportation Research Part E37: 129–142.
28.
HensherDA (2001b) The valuation of commuter travel time savings for car drivers: Evaluating alternative model specifications. Transportation28: 101–118.
29.
HeyesJTomlinsonMWhitworthA (2017) Underemployment and well-being in the UK before and after the Great Recession. Work, Employment and Society31(1): 71–89.
30.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (1998) Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations, adopted by the Sixteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 1998).
31.
KauhanenM (2008) Part-time work and involuntary part-time work in the private service sector in Finland. Economic and Industrial Democracy29(2): 217–248.
32.
KjeldstadRNymoenEH (2012) Underemployment in a gender-segregated labour market. Economic and Industrial Democracy33(2): 207–224.
33.
LallementM (2011) Europe and the economic crisis: Forms of labour market adjustment and varieties of capitalism. Work, Employment and Society25(4): 627–641.
34.
LarsonTOngPM (1994) Imbalance in part-time employment. Journal of Economic Issues28(1): 187–196.
35.
LeppelKClainSH (1988) The growth in involuntary part-time employment of men and women. Applied Economics20(9): 1155–1166.
36.
LeppelKClainSH (1993) Determinants of voluntary and involuntary part-time employment. Eastern Economic Journal19(1): 59–70.
37.
LiJDuncanAMirantiR (2015) Underemployment among mature-age workers in Australia. Economic Record91(295): 438–462.
38.
LuL (2010) Employment among older workers and inequality of gender and education: Evidence from a Taiwanese national survey. International Journal of Aging and Human Development70(2): 145–162.
39.
McFaddenD (1974) Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice models. In: ZarembkaP (ed.) Frontiers in Econometrics. New York: Academic Press, pp. 105–142.
40.
McFaddenD (2000) Disaggregate behavioral travel demand’s RUM side: a 30-year retrospective. In: International Association of Travel Behavior Analyst, conference, Brisbane, Australia, 2 July 2000.
41.
McFaddenDTrainK (2000) Mixed MNL models for discrete response. Journal of Applied Econometrics15(5): 447–470.
42.
McKee-RyanFMHarveyJ (2011) I have a job, but . . .: A review of underemployment. Journal of Management37(4): 962–996.
43.
OtterbachS (2010) Mismatches between actual and preferred work time: Empirical evidence of hours constraints in 21 countries. Journal of Consumer Policy33(2): 143–161.
44.
PrauseJDooleyD (2011) Youth underemployment. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 59–80.
45.
RaffertyAWigganJ (2011) Choice and welfare reform: Lone parents’ decision making around paid-work and family life. Journal of Social Policy40(2): 275–293.
46.
RaffertyAWigganJ (2017) The time-related underemployment of lone parents during welfare reform, recession and austerity: A challenge to in-work conditionality?Social Policy and Administration51(3): 511–538.
47.
RaffertyAReesJSensierMHardinA (2013) Growth and recession: Underemployment and the labour market in the north of England. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy6(2): 143–163.
48.
ReynoldsJAletrarisL (2006) Pursuing preferences: The creation and resolution of work hours mismatches. American Sociological Review71(4): 618–638.
49.
ReynoldsJAletrarisL (2010) Mostly mismatched with a chance of settling: Tracking work hour mismatches in the United States. Work and Occupations37(4): 476–511.
50.
Ruiz-QuintanillaSAClaesR (1996) Determinants of underemployment of young adults: A multi-country study. Industrial and Labor Relations Review49(3): 424–438.
51.
SackeyHAOseiB (2006) Human resource underutilization in an era of poverty reduction: An analysis of unemployment and underemployment in Ghana. African Development Review18(2): 221–247.
52.
SlackTJensenL (2004) Employment adequacy in extractive industries: An analysis of underemployment, 1974–1998. Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal17(2): 129–146.
53.
SlackTJensenL (2011) Underemployment among minorities and immigrants. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 127–143.
54.
Sousa-PozaAHennebergerF (2002) An empirical analysis of working-hours constraints in twenty-one countries. Review of Social Economy60(2): 209–242.
55.
StrattonLS (1996) Are ‘involuntary’ part-time workers indeed involuntary?Industrial and Labor Relations Review49(3): 522–536.
56.
TamH (2010) Characteristics of the underemployed and the overemployed in the UK. Economic and Labour Market Review4(7): 8–20.
57.
TillyC (1991) Reasons for the continuing growth of part-time employment. Monthly Labor Review114(3): 10–18.
58.
TrainK (2003) Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59.
Van HamMMulderCHHooimeijerP (2001) Local underemployment and the discouraged worker effect. Urban Studies38(10): 1733–1751.
60.
VirickM (2011) Underemployment and older workers. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 81–103.
61.
WallingAClancyG (2010) Underemployment in the UK labour market. Economic and Labour Market Review4(2): 16–24.
62.
WeststarJ (2011) A review of women’s experiences of three dimensions of underemployment. In: MaynardDCFeldmanDC (eds) Underemployment: Psychological, Economic, and Social Challenges. New York: Springer, pp. 105–125.
63.
WilkinsR (2006) Personal and job characteristics associated with underemployment. Australian Journal of Labour Economics9(4): 371–393.
64.
WoodenMDragoR (2009) The changing distribution of working hours in Australia. In: CorbettJDalyAMatsushigeHTaylorD (eds) Laggards and Leaders in Labour Market Reform: Comparing Japan and Australia. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 67–81.
65.
WuCEamonMK (2011) Patterns and correlates of involuntary unemployment and underemployment in single-mother families. Children and Youth Services Review33(6): 820–828.
66.
YuWH (2002) Jobs for mothers: Married women’s labor force reentry and part-time, temporary employment in Japan. Sociological Forum17(3): 493–523.
