The paper reviews the 'state of the art' in the design and application of adaptive and self-tuning controls. Their role in the hierarchy of control loops needed to operate modern building services is described, and an introduction to adaptive and self-tuning control techniques is given. The performance of a self-adaptive optimum-start controller, a rule-based selforganising regulator for three-port valves and a self-tuning control scheme for cooling coils are discussed in detail. The case studies are used to demonstrate the potential advantages and practical problems associated with the implementation of intelligent controls. The authors conclude that future control strategies are most likely to be based on a combination of 'rule-based' and analytical techniques.
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