This study is based on a sample of community-dwelling, depressed schoolchildren and a control group of age-, school-and sex-matched peers. Out of an initial sample of 292 children, 23 were identified as depressed and anxious, of whom 16 (11 boys and five girls) were referred to a psychiatric unit for standard treatment. The ratings of this group were repeated three years later when the children had reached early adolescence. Social withdrawal and anxiety were rated by parents and self-reports as considerably stable phenomena in the depressed group, across time, as compared to the control group. Depressed boys more often than girls rated themselves as being withdrawn and anxious.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Achenbach, T.M. and Edelbrock, C.S. (1983) Manual for Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2.
Achenbach, T.M. , Conners, C.K., Quay, H.C., Verhulst, F.G. and Howell, C.T. (1989) 'Replication of Empirically Derived Syndromes as a Basis for Diagnosis of Child/Adolescent Psychopathology', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology17: 299-333.
3.
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn.Washington, DC: Author.
4.
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn rev.Washington, DC: Author.
5.
Angold, A. (1988) 'Childhood and Adolescent Depression', British Journal of Psychiatry152: 601-617.
6.
Asher, S.R. and Coie, J.D. (1990) Peer Rejection in Childhood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7.
Asher, S.R. , Gabriel, S. and Hopmeyer, A. (1993) 'Children's Loneliness in Different School Contexts', paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
8.
Bronson, W.C. (1966) 'Central Orientations: A Study of Behavior Organization from Childhood to Adolescence', Child Development37: 125-155.
9.
Castaneda, A. , McCandless, B. and Palermo, D. (1956) 'The Children's Form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale', Child Development27: 317-326.
10.
Cederblad, M. and Hook, B. (1992) Ostgotastudien. Stockholm: Radda Barnen. [In Swedish.]
11.
Edelstein, W. , Grundmann, W., Hofmann, V. and Schellhas, B. (1992) 'Family Determinants and Cognitive Consequences of the Development of Anxiety and Depression', paper presented at the Vth European Conference on Developmental Psychology, 6-9 September. Seville, Spain.
12.
Egeland, B. , Kalkoske, M., Gottesman, N. and Farell Erickson, M. (1990) 'Preschool Problems: Stability and Factors Accounting for Change', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry31: 891-909.
13.
Goodyer, I.M. , Cooper, P.J., Vize, C.M. and Ashby, L. (1993) 'Depression in 11-16 Year Old Girls: The Role of Past Parental Psychopathology and Exposure to Recent Life Events', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry34: 1103-1115.
14.
Hymel, S. , Rubin, K.H., Rowden, L. and Le Mare, L. (1990) 'Children's Peer Relationships: Longitudinal Prediction of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Middle to Late Childhood', Child Development61: 2004-2021.
15.
Hymel, S. , Woody, E. and Bowker, A. (1993) 'Social Withdrawal in Childhood: Considering the Child's Perspective', in K.H. Rubin and J. Asendorpf (eds) Social Withdrawal, Inhibition and Shyness in Childhood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
16.
Knorring, von A-L. and Kristiansson, G. (1994) 'Depression in Swedish Adolescents', presentation at the 4th Biennial Conference ofthe European Association of Research on Adolescence, 28 May-1 June, Stockholm.
17.
Kovacs, M. (1980/1981) 'Rating Scales to Assess Depression in School-Aged Children', Acta Paedopsychiatrica46: 305-315.
18.
Kovacs, M. (1983) 'The Children's Depression Inventory: A Self-rated Depression Scale for School-Aged Youngsters'. Unpublished Manuscript.
19.
Last, C.G. (1992) 'Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence', in W.M. Reynolds (ed.) Internalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York: J. Wiley.
20.
Moscowitz, D.S. , Schwartzman, A.E. and Ledingham, L.E. (1985) 'Stability and Change in Aggression and Withdrawal in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence', Journal of Abnormal Psychology94: 30-41.
21.
Nilzon, K.R. and Palmerus, K. (1993) 'Social Withdrawal of Depressed 9-11 Year-olds', paper presented at the Berzelius Symposium XXVI, 26-28 May, Linkoping.
22.
Nilzon, K.R. and Palmerus, K. (1997) 'Anxiety in Depressed School-children', School Psychology International18(2): 165-178.
23.
Olweus, D. (1984) 'Stability in Aggressive and Withdrawn, Inhibited Behavior Patterns', in R.M. Kaplan, V.J. Konecni and R.W. Novaco (eds) Aggression in Children and Youth, pp. 104-136. The Hague: Nijhoff.
24.
Reynolds, C.R. (1980) 'Concurrent Validity of "What I Think and Feel": The Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology48: 774-775.
25.
Reynolds, C.R. and Richmond, B.O. (1978) 'Factor Structure and Construct Validity of "What I Think and Feel": The Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale of Depressed 9-11 Year Olds', Journal of Personality Assessment43: 281-283.
26.
Reynolds, W. (ed.) (1992) Internalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York: John Wiley.
27.
Rubin, K.H. (1993) 'The Waterloo Longitudinal Project: Correlates and Consequences of Social Withdrawal from Childhood to Adolescence', in K.H. Rubin and J. Asendorpf (eds) Social Withdrawal, Inhibition and Shyness in Childhood. Hillsdale: NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
28.
Rubin, K.H. and Asendorpf, J. (eds) (1993) Social Withdrawal, Inhibition and Shyness in Childhood. Hillsdale: NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
29.
Rubin, K.H. and Mills, R.S.L. (1991) 'Conceptualizing Developmental Pathways to Internalizing Disorders in Childhood', Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science23: 300-317.
30.
Rubin, K.H. , Hymel, S. and Mills, R.S. (1989) 'Sociability and Social Withdrawal in Childhood: Stability and Outcomes', Journal of Personality57: 237-255.
31.
Rubin, K.H. , Le Mare, L.J. and Lollis, S. (1990) 'Social Withdrawal in Childhood: Developmental Pathways to Peer-Rejection', In S.R. Asher and J.D. Coie (eds) Peer Rejection in Childhood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32.
Rubin, K.H. , Chen, X. and Hymel, S. (1993) 'Socioemotional Characteristics of Withdrawn and Aggressive Children', Merril Palmer Quarterly39: 518-534.
33.
Sarason, S. , Davidson, K., Lighthall, F., Waite, R. and Ruebush, B. (1960) Anxiety in Elementary School-Children. London: J. Wiley.
34.
Schaffer, D. (1974) 'Suicide in Childhood and Early Adolescence', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry15: 275-291.
35.
Stewart, S.L. and Rubin, K.H. (1993) 'The Social Problem-Solving Skills of Anxious-Withdrawn Children'. Manuscript in preparation.
36.
Younger, A.J. and Piccinin, A.M. (1989) 'Children's Recall of Aggressive and Withdrawn Behaviors: Recognition, Memory and Likeability Judgements', Child Development60: 580-590.
37.
Younger, A.J. , Schwartzman, A.E. and Ledingham, J. (1986) 'Age-Related Difference in Children's Perceptions of Social Deviance: Changes in Behavior or Perspective?', Developmental Psychology22: 531-542.
