Appreciation and sensitivity toward individual differences and cultural diversity are critical attributes for school psychologists as they consult, co-ordinate and collaborate with a wide range of support personnel, teachers, administrators, parents, and the students themselves. School psychologists are uniquely positioned to encourage activities that not only reduce prejudice and stereotyping, but promote the contributions of culturally diverse groups. In order to effectively serve in these roles, school psychologists must have a multicultural knowledge base and prerequisite skills. This paper presents a framework for understanding ethnic socialization processes and the development of culturally-biased attitudes and actions. Finally, school-based intervention plans to strengthen multicultural relationships are reviewed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Akhtar, S. and Stronach, I. (1986) 'They Call Me Blacky: A Story of Everyday Racism in Primary Schools', Times Educational Supplement 19 September: 23-23.
2.
Andrews, M. (1993) 'Educating for Multicultural Perspectives: A Doorway to the Rest of Humanity', in S. Berman and P. LaFarge (eds)Promising Practices in Teaching Social Responsibility, pp. 120-128. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
3.
Banks, J.A. (1988) Multiethnic Education and Practice (2nd edn). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
4.
Batsche, G.M. and Knoff, H.M. (1994) 'Bullies and their Victims: Understand-ing a Pervasive Problem in the Schools', School Psychology Review23: 165-174.
5.
Berman, S. and LaFarge, P. (eds) (1993)Promising Practices in Teaching Social Responsibility. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
6.
Besag, V.E. (1989)Bullies and Victims in Schools. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Byrnes, D.A. (1988) 'Children and Prejudice', Social Education52: 267-271.
9.
Cohn, T. (1987) 'Sticks and Stones may Break my Bones but Names will Never Hurt Me', Multicultural Teaching5: 8-11.
10.
Comer, J.P. (1989) 'Racism and the Education of Young Children', Teachers College Record90: 352-361.
11.
Commission for Racial Equality (1988) Learning in Terror! A Survey of Racial Harassment in Schools and Colleges. London: Author.
12.
Conard, B.D. (1988) 'Cooperative Learning and Prejudice Reduction', Social Education52: 283-286.
13.
Derman-Sparks, L. (1989) 'Challenging Diversity with Anti-bias Curriculum', School Safety Winter: 10-13.
14.
Dutton-Terrell, A.D. (1991) 'Living with Diversity', School Safety Fall: 15-17.
15.
Finkelhor, D. and Browne, A. (1985) 'The Taumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptualization', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55: 530-541.
16.
Fiske, S.T. (1993) 'Controlling Other People: The Impact of Power on Stereotyping', American Psychologist48: 621-628.
17.
Garcia, A. (1989) 'Just When you Thought it was Safe: Racism in the Schools', Educational Horizons67: 156-162.
18.
Gleason, J.J. (1991) Multicultural and Exceptional Student Education: Separate but Equal?' Preventing School Failure36: 47-49.
19.
Hallahan, D.P. and Kauffman, J.M. (1991) Exceptional Children: Introduction to Special Education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
20.
Hart, T. and Lumsden, L. (1989) Confronting Racism in the Schools. Oregon School Study Council Bulletin, May: 1-29.
21.
Hodgkinson, H.L. (1985) All One System: Demographics of Education, Kindergarten through Graduate School. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
22.
Jones, E. and Derman-Sparks, L. (1992) 'Meeting the Challenge of Diversity', Young Children47: 12-18.
23.
Katz, P. (1981) Development of Children's Racial Awareness and Intergroup Attitudes. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 207 675.)
24.
Katz, P.A. (1983) 'Developmental Foundations of Gender and Racial Attitudes', in R.L. Leahy (ed.) The Child's Construction of Social Inequality, pp. 41-78. New York: Academic Press.
25.
Kelly, E. and Cohn, T. (1988) Racism in Schools. Stoke-on-Trent, England: Trentham Books.
26.
Maines, B. and Robinson, G. (1991)Stamp Out Bullying. Bristol, England: Lame Duck Publishing.
27.
Murray, C.B. and Clark, R.M. (1990) 'Targets of Racism', The American School Board Journal177: 22-24.
28.
Pate, G.S. (1988) 'Research on Reducing Prejudice', Social Education52: 287-289.
29.
Phinney, J.S. and Rotheram, M.J. (1987) 'Children's Ethnic Socialization: Themes and Implications', in J.S. Phinney and M.J. Rotheram (eds) Children's Ethnic Socialization, pp. 274-292. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30.
Pine, G.J. and Hilliard, A.G. (1990) 'Rx for Racism: Imperatives for America's Schools', Phi Delta Kappan71: 593-600.
31.
Ramsey, P.G. (1987) Young Children's Thinking about Ethnic Differences', in J.S. Phinney and M.J. Rotheram (eds) Children's Ethnic Socialization, pp. 56-72. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32.
Shinn, M.R. and McConnell, S. (1994) 'Improving General Education Instruction: Relevance to School Psychologists', School Psychology Review23: 351-371.
33.
Stephens, R. (1991) 'Overcoming Prejudice and Hate. School Safety Fall: 2-2.
34.
Stover, D. (1990) 'The New Racism', The American School Board Journal177: 14-18.
35.
Sue, D.W. and Sue, D. (1990) Counseling the Culturally Different: Theory and Practice (2nd edn). New York: Wiley.
36.
Swann Report (1985)Education for All. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups. London: HMSO.
37.
Tajfel, H. (1981) Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. London: Cambridge University Press.
38.
Tattum, D.P. (1989) Violence and Aggression in Schools. In D.P. Tattum and D.A. Lane (eds) Bullying in Schools, pp. 7-19. Stoke-on-Trent, England: Trentham Books.
39.
Tizard, B. , Blatchford, P., Burke, J., Farquhar, C. and Plewis, I. (1988) Young Children at School in the Inner City. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
40.
Troyna, B. and Hatcher, R. (1992)Racism in Children's Lives. London: Routledge, in association with the National Children's Bureau.
41.
Walsh, D. (1988) 'Critical Thinking to Reduce Prejudice', Social Education52: 280-282.
42.
Wieseman, R.A. (1986) 'Multicultural beginnings and early learning', Journal of Instructional Psychology13: 172-176.
43.
Wilczenski, F.L., Steegmann, R. and Braun, M., Feeley, F., Griffin, J., Horowitz, T., Olson, S. (1995) Promoting 'Fair Play': Interventions for Children as Victims and Victimizers. Manuscript submitted for publication.
44.
Wyatt, G.E. (1990) 'Sexual Abuse of Ethnic Minority Children: Identifying Dimensions of Victimization', Professional Psychology: Research and Practice21: 338-343.
45.
Ziegler, S. and Rosenstein-Manner, M. (1991)Bullying at School: Toronto in an International Context (Report No. 196 R). Toronto: Board of Education.
