This paper presents an overview of infantile autism which includes theories of aetiology, definition of the condition, overlapping conditions, assessment procedures and prognosis. A model treatment that can be implemented by school psychologists is also presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III).Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2.
AndoH.TsudaK. (1975) Intrafamilial incidence of autism, cerebral palsy, and mongolism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 5, 267–274.
3.
BarreraR.D.Sulzar-AzaroffB. (1984) An alternating treatment comparison of oral and total communication training program with echolalic autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 379–394.
4.
BarreraR.D.Lobato-BarreraD.Sulzar-AzaroffG. (1980) A simultaneous treatment comparison of three expressive language training programs with a mute autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 345–359.
5.
BettelheimB. (1967) The Empty Fortress.New York: Free Press.
6.
CarrE.G. (1979) Teaching autistic children to use sign language: Some research issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 345–359.
7.
CaseyL.O. (1978) Development of communication behavior in autistic children: A parent program using manual signs. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 45–59.
8.
ChessS. (1977) Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 68–81.
9.
CohenJ. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Education and Psychological Measurements, 20, 37–46.
10.
CreedonM.P. (1973) Language Development in Nonverbal Autistic Children Using a Simultaneous Communication System. Paper presented at the meeting for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.
11.
DeMyerM.K.HingtgenJ.N.JacksonR.K. (1981) Infantile autism reviewed: A decade of research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 388–451.
12.
Division TEACCH: Treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children — 10th Anniversary Annual Report (1982) Division of the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
13.
DunlapG.KoegelR.L.EgelA.L. (1979) Autistic children in school. Exceptional Children, 45, 552–558.
14.
EggersC. (1978) Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 21–36.
15.
FavellJ.E. (1983) The management of aggressive behavior. In SchoplerE.MesibovG.B. (Ed.) Autism in Adolescents and Adults. pp. 187–224. New York: Plenum Press.
16.
FolsteinS.RutterM. (1977) Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature, 265, 726–728.
17.
FowleA. (1968) Atypical leukocyte pattern of schizophrenic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 666–679.
18.
FulwilerR.L.FoutsR.S. (1976) Acquisition of American sign language by a noncommunicating autistic child. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 43–51.
19.
HungD.W.RotmanZ.CosentinoA.MacMillanM. (1983) Cost effectiveness of an educational program for autistic children using a systems approach. Education and Treatment of Children, 6, 47–68.
20.
ItardJ.M. (1962) The Wild Boy of Averyon.New York: Appelton-Century-Crofts.
21.
JensonW.R. (1980) Parent Training Curriculum for Families of Developmentally Disabled Children.Salt Lake City, UT: Salt Lake County Mental Health.
22.
JensonW.R.ReavisH.K. (1982) The Autism Matrix.Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Office of Education.
23.
JensonW.R.YoungR.K. (1984) Childhood autism: Developmental considerations and behavioral interventions by professionals, families, and peers. In McMahonR.J.PetersR.D. (Ed.) Childhood Disorders: Behavioral-Developmental Approaches.New York: Brunner/Mazel.
24.
JensonW.R.PreatorK.BallouC.ReavisH.K.FrestonC. (1984) The SMH/Autism Prescriptive Checklist and Interventions Manual.Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Office of Education.
KannerL. (1971) Follow-up study of 11 autistic children originally reported in 1943. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 119–145.
27.
KoegelR.L.SchriebmanL.BrittenK.R.BurkeJ.C.O'NeillR.E. (1982) A comparison of parent training to direct child treatment. In KoegelR.L.RincoverA.EgelA.L. (Ed.) Educating and Understanding Autistic Children, pp. 260–280. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.
28.
KrugD.A.ArickJ.R.AlmondP.J. (1979) Autism Screening Instrument for Education and Planning.Portland, OR: ASIEP Publishers.
29.
LotterV. (1966) Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry, 1, 124–137.
30.
LotterV. (1978a). Childhood autism in Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 231–244.
31.
LotterV. (1978b) Follow-up studies. In RutterM.SchoplerE. (Ed.) Autism: A Reappraisal of Concepts and Treatment. pp. 475–496. New York: Plenum Press.
32.
LovaasO.I.KoegelR.L.SimmonsJ.O.LongJ. (1973) Some generalization and follow-up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 131–165.
33.
MakitaK. (1966) The age of onset of childhood schizophrenia. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologia Japonica, 20, 111–121.
34.
PalusznyM.J. (1979) Autism: A Practical Guide for Parents and Professionals.Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
35.
ParkerG. (1978) Season of birth in New South Wales. Medical Journal of Australia, 2, 563–566.
36.
ParkS.L. (1983) The assessment of autistic children: A selective review of available instruments. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13
37.
ReiserD.BrownJ. (1964) Patterns of later development of children with infantile psychosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 3, 650–667.
RimlandB. (1971) The differentiation of childhood psychoses: An analysis of checklists for 2218 psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 161–174.
40.
RimlandB. (1978) Inside the mind of the autistic savant. Psychology Today, August, 29–35.
41.
RitvoE.R.FreemanB.J. (1984) A medical model of autism: Etiology, pathology, and treatment. Pediatric Annals, 13, 298–305.
42.
RovnerL.A. (1984) The Autism Matrix as a Diagnostic Instrument. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
43.
RutterM. (1970) Autistic children: Infancy to adulthood. Seminars in Psychiatry, 2, 435–450.
44.
RutterM. (1974) The development of infantile autism. Psychological Medicine, 4, 147–163.
45.
RutterM. (1978) Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139–161.
46.
SchoplerE. (1978) On the confusion in the diagnosis of autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 167–169.
SchoplerE.OlleyJ.G. (1980) Public school programming for autistic children. Exceptional Children, 46, 461–463.
49.
SchoplerE.ReichlerR.J.DeVillisR.F.DalyK. (1980) Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 91–103.
50.
StubbsE.G. (1976) Autistic children exhibit undetectable hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers despite previous rubella vaccination. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 269–274.
51.
StubbsE.G.CrawfordD.R.BurgerD.R.VandenbarkA.A. (1977) Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 7, 49–56.
52.
TreffertD.A. (1970) Epidemiology of infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 434–438.
53.
VanWagenenL.JensonW.R.WorshamN.PetersenB.P. (1983) The Use of Simultaneous Communication to Teach Difficult Verbal Discriminations to an Autistic Boy. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee, WI.
54.
WalkerG.R.HinermanP.S.JensonW.R.PetersenB.P. (1982) Sign language as a prompt to teach a verbal ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ discrimination to an autistic boy. Child Behaviour Therapy, 3, 77–86.
55.
WattN.F.LubenskyA.W. (1976) Childhood roots of schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 363–375.
56.
WingL.YeatesS.R.BrierleyL.M.GouldJ. (1976) The prevalence of early childhood autism: Comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies. Psychological Medicine, 6, 89–100.
57.
WorshamN.JensonW.R. (1984) The Use of a Total Communication Approach to Teach Difficult Counting Behavior to a Verbal Autistic Boy. Unpublished manuscript.
58.
YoungK.R.WestR.P.ClareS.JordanJ.StoverT. (1983) Training Elementary Students to Conduct Therapy Sessions with Autistic Children. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Milwaukee, WI.
