The components of worry and emotionality of the test anxiety construct (Liebert and Morris, 1967) were expected to operate as a unitary response construct in girls of grade six when the context of an evaluative achievement setting was explicitly included in the measuring operation. In the same situational context, worry and emotionality were expected to operate as two distinctive non-overlapping response constructs in boys at the same age. The findings supported these expectations and were interpreted in terms of a cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety. The importance of measuring worry and emotionality explicitly embedded in an evaluative interpersonal achievement context is emphasized.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Berry, J.L. & Martin, B. (1957) GSR reactivity as a function of anxiety, instructions, and sex. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,54,9-12.
2.
Carlson, R. (1971) Where is the person in personality research?Psychological Bulletin, 75,203-219.
3.
Cattell, R.B. (1966) The scree test of the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1,245-276.
4.
Cattell, R.B. (1978) The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences. New York: Plenum Press.
5.
Cox, F.N. (1962) Educational streaming and general and test anxiety. Child Development, 33,381-390.
6.
Cronbach, L.J. , Gleser, G.C., Nanda, H. & Rajaratnam, N. (1972) The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley.
7.
Crutchfield, R.S. (1955) Conformity and character. American Psychologist, 10, 191-198.
8.
Davis, R.C. & Buchwald, A.M. (1957) An exploration of somatic response patterns: stimulus and sex differences. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50,44-52.
9.
Deffenbacher, J.L. (1977) Relationship of worry and emotionality to performance on the Miller Analogies Test. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 191-195.
10.
Deffenbacher, J.L. (1980) Worry and emotionality in test anxiety. In I.G. Sarason (Ed.) Test Anxiety: Theory, Research and Applications. pp. 111-128. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlaum.
11.
Doctor, R.M. & Altman, F. (1969) Worry and emotionality as components of test anxiety: Replication and further data. Psychological Reports, 24,563-568.
12.
Dunn, J.A. (1964a) Factor structure of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28,92-92.
13.
Dunn, J.A. (1964b) The Factor Structure of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children. Document no. 7756. Washington, DC: ADI Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress.
14.
Dunn, J.A. (1965) Stability of the Factor Structure of the TASC across Age and Sex Groups. Document no. 8230. Washington, DC: ADI Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress.
15.
Eikeland, H.-M. (1972) The Structure of Generalizability Theory for Hierarchically Stratified Tests. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oslo, Norway.
16.
Eikeland, H.-M. (1973a) Generalizability Estimates for Difference Scores: An Aspect of the Construct Validity of Tests. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oslo, Norway.
17.
Eikeland, H.-M. (1973b) Generalizability estimates for difference scores: an aspect of the construct validity of tests. In S. Fhaner & L. Sjoberg (Ed.) Measurement in Differential Psychology: A Symposium. Goteborgs Psychological Reports, 3, 19-22.
18.
Ekehammar, B. (1974) Sex differences in selfreported anxiety for different situations and modes of response. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15,154-160.
19.
Feld, S.C. & Lewis, L. (1967) Further Evidence on the Stability of the Factor Structure of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children. Laboratory Paper no. 17, National Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health Study Center, Adelphi, MD. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
20.
Feld, S.C. & Lewis, L. (1969) The assessment of achievement anxieties in children. In C.P. Smith (Ed.) Achievement-related Motives in Children. pp. 151-199. New York: Russel Sage.
21.
Fiske, D.W. (1973) Can a personality construct be validated empirically?Psychological Bulletin, 80,89-92.
22.
Golding, S.L. (1975) Flies in the ointment: Methodological problems in the analysis of percentage of variance due to persons and situations. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 278-288.
Hagtvet, K.A. (1974) A Generalizability Study of the Test Anxiety Construct. Report no. 4 from a project concerning test anxiety. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oslo, Norway.
25.
Hagtvet, K.A. (1976) Worry and emotionality components of test anxiety in different sex and age groups of elementary school children. Psychological Reports, 39, 1327-1334.
26.
Hagtvet, K.A. (1978) Components of test anxiety measured in and out of explicitly defined situational contexts. Psychological Reports, 43,979-984.
27.
Hare, R. , Wood, K., Britain, S. & Frazelle, J. (1971) Autonomic responses to affective visual stimulation: sex differences. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 14-22.
Lenney, E. (1977) Women's self-confidence in achievement settings. Psychological Bulletin, 84,1-13.
33.
Liebert, R.M. & Morris, L.W. (1967) Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: a distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20,975-978.
34.
Mandler, G. & Sarason, S.B. (1952) A study of anxiety and learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 166-173.
35.
McCandless, B.R. , Bilous, C.B. & Bennett, H.L. (1961) Peer popularity and dependence on adults in preschool age socialization. Child Development, 32,511-518.
36.
Mischel, W. (1973) Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80,252-283.
37.
Morris, L.W. & Liebert, R.M. (1970) Relationship of cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety to psychological arousal and academic performance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35,332-337.
38.
Morris, L.W. & Liebert, R.M. (1973) Effects of negative feedback, threat of shock, and level of trait anxiety on the arousal of two components of anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20,321-326.
39.
Morris, L.W. & Perez, T.L. (1972) Effects of test-interruption on emotional arousal and performance. Psychological Reports, 31, 559-564.
40.
Morris, L.W. , Brown, N.R. & Halbert, B.L. (1975) Effects of Symbolic Modeling on the Arousal of Cognitive and Emotional Components of Anxiety in Preschool Children. Paper presented at the NATO conference on Dimensions of Anxiety and Stress, Oslo, Norway.
41.
Morris, L.W. , Brown, N.R. & Halbert, B.L. (1977) Effects of symbolic modeling on the arousal of cognitive and affective components of anxiety in preschool children. In C.D. Spielberger & I.G. Sarason (Ed.) Stress and Anxiety. Volume 4, pp. 153-170. New York: Wiley.
42.
Morris, L.W. , Finkelstein, C.S. & Fisher, W.R. (1976) Components of school anxiety: Developmental trends and sex differences. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 128,49-57.
43.
Morris, L.W. , Smith, L.R., Andrews, E.L. & Morris, N.C. (1975) The relationship of emotionality and worry components of anxiety to motor skills performance. Journal of Motor Behavior, 7,121-130.
44.
Nie, H.N. , Hull, C.H., Jenkins, J.G., Steinbrenner, K. & Bent, D.H. (1975) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
45.
Phillips, B.N. (1962) Sex, social class and anxiety as sources of variation in school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 53,316-322.
46.
Phillips, B.N. , Hindsman, E. & Jennings, E. (1960) Influence of intelligence on anxiety and perception of self and others. Child Development, 31,41-46.
47.
Pringle, M.L.K. & Cox, T. (1963) The influence of schooling and sex on test and general anxiety as measured by Sarason's scales. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 157-165.
48.
Richardson, F.C. , O'Neil, Jr, H.F., Whitmore, S. & Judd, W.A. (1977) Factor analysis of the Test Anxiety Scale and evidence concerning the components of test anxiety. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 45,704-705.
49.
Sarason, I.G. (1972) Experimental approaches to test anxiety: attention and the uses of information. In C.D. Spielberger (Ed.) Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press.
50.
Sarason, I.G. (1975a) Test anxiety, attention and the general problem of anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger & I.G. Sarason (Ed.) Stress and Anxiety. Volume 1, pp. 165-187. New York: Wiley.
51.
Sarason, I.G. (1975b) Anxiety and self-preoccupation. In I.G. Sarason & C.D. Spielberger (Ed.) Stress and Anxiety. Volume 2, pp. 27-44. New York: Wiley.
52.
Sarason, I.G. & Smith, R.E. (1971) Personality. In P.H. Mussen & M.R. Rosenzweig (Ed.) Annual Review of Psychology. pp. 393-446. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
53.
Sarason, S.B. & Mandler, G. (1952) Some correlates of test anxiety. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47,810-817.
54.
Sarason, S.B. , Mandler, G. & Craighill, P.G. (1952) The effect of differential instructions on anxiety and learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47,561-565.
55.
Sarason, S.B. , Davidson, K., Lighthall, F.F. & Waite, R. (1958) A test anxiety scale for children. Child Development, 29,105-113.
56.
Sarason, S.B. , Davidson, K.S., Lighthall, F.F.Waite, R.R. & Ruebush, B.K. (1969) Anxiety in Elementary School Children. New York: Wiley.
57.
Sarnoff, I. , Lighthall, F., Waite, R., Davidson, K. & Sarason, S. (1958) Crosscultural study of anxiety among American and English school children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 49, 129-136.
58.
Sarnoff, I. , Sarason, S.B., Lighthall, F.F. & Davidson, K.S. (1959) Test anxiety and the 'eleven-plus' examinations. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 29,9-16.
59.
Sontag, L.W. (1947) Physiological factors and personality in children. Child Development, 18,185-189.
60.
Spiegler, M.D. , Morris, L.W. & Liebert, R.M. (1968) Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: temporal factors. Psychological Reports, 22,451-456.
61.
Spielberger, C.D. , Anton, W.D. & Bedell, J. (1976) The nature and treatment of test anxiety. In M. Zuckerman & C.D. Spielberger (Ed.) Emotions and Anxiety. New Concepts, Methods and Applications. pp. 317-345. New York: Wiley.
62.
Spielberger, C.D. , Gonzales, H.P., Taylor, C.J., Algaze, B. & Anton, W.D. (1978) Examination stress and test anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger & I.G. Sarason (Ed.) Stress and Anxiety. Volume 5, pp. 167-191. New York: Wiley.
63.
Spielberger, C.D. , Gonzales, H.P., Taylor, C.J., Anton, W.D., Algaze, B., Ross, G.R. & Westberry, L.G. (1979) Preliminary Manual for the Test Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
64.
Taylor, C.J. (1977) The Nature and the Measurement of Test Anxiety. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Florida.
65.
Tyler, L.E. (1965) The Psychology of Human Differences. 3rd Edition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
66.
Watson, D. & Friend, R. (1969) Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
67.
Wine, J. (1971) Test Anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104.
68.
Wine, J. (1973) Cognitive-attentional Approaches to Test Anxiety Modification. Paper read at the Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.
