In this article, a study on some environmental determinants of emotional problems in the classroom is presented. Special attention is drawn to cognitive aspects of the problem and the social surroundings of the student. The results of this field study show especially that test anxiety is dependent on reference group as well as expectation discrepancies.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bradley, J. (1979) Adolescent friendship cliques and academic achievement. School Psychology International, 1, 24-26,31-31.
2.
Byrne, D. (1964) Repression-sensitization as a dimension of personality. In Progress in Experimental Personality Research (Ed.) Maher, B.A. Volume 1, pp. 169-220. New York: Academic Press.
3.
Epstein, S. (1972) The nature of anxiety with emphasis upon its relationship to expectancy. In Anxiety (Ed.) Spielberger, C.D. pp. 292-342. New York: Academic Press.
4.
Festinger, L. (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
5.
Garber, J. & Seligman, M.E.P. (Ed.) (1980) Human Helplessness. New York: Academic Press.
6.
Grobel, J. (1977) A Model ofAnxiety Associated with ExpectationlReality Discrepancies. Paper presented at the Second Congress of International School Psychology, Helsing0r, Denmark.
7.
Krohne, H.W. & Laux, L. (Ed.) (1981) Achievement, StreSs, and Anxiety. Washington: Hemisphere.
8.
Lazarus, R.S. (1972) Emotion and cognition: with special reference to anxiety. In Anxiety (Ed.) Spielberger, C.D. pp. 242-284. New York: Academic Press.
9.
McClelland, D.C. , Atkinson, J.W., Clarke, R.A. and Lowell, E.L. (1953) The Achievement Motive. New York: Appleton-CenturyCroft.
10.
Rogers, C.M. , Smith, M.D. & Coleman, J.M. (1978) Social comparison in the classroom: the relationship between academic achievement and self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70,50-57.
11.
Rotter, J.B. (1955) The role of the psychological situation in determining the direction of human behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
12.
Sarason, I.G. (Ed.) (1980) Test Anxiety. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13.
Schwarzer, R. (1979) Bezugsgruppeneffekte in schulischen Umwelten. Zeitschrift fur empirischePddagogik, 3, 153-166.
14.
Schwarzer, R. & Schwarzer, C. (1981) Psychological Effects of Desegregation in Germany. Paper presented at the AERA Convention in Los Angeles, April.
15.
Spielberger, C.D. (1980) Test Anxiety Inventory. Preliminary Professional Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
