This study explored the roles of individual factors (age, gender, locus of control, self-esteem, and loneliness), parenting style, and academic achievement in discriminating students involved in bullying (as bullies, victims, and bully/victims) from those not involved. Participants comprised 742 middle school students (393 females, 349 males). The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that a higher locus of control, lower strictness/supervision scores, increased age, and being male increased the likelihood of being a bully; a higher locus of control, higher loneliness score, and a lower acceptance/involvement score increased the likelihood of being a victim; and higher loneliness and psychological autonomy scores and lower acceptance/involvement, strictness/supervision, and academic achievement scores increased the likelihood of being a bully/victim. Although parental style variables play an important role in involvement in bullying, the individual factor loneliness is a more powerful predictor than other predictors in discriminating victims and bully/victims from uninvolved students. Age and gender are stronger predictors than other predictors in discriminating bullies from uninvolved students.
Akgün, S. (2005). Akran zorbalığının anne-baba tutumları ve anne-baba ergen iliş kisiaçısından değerlendirilmesi [An investigation of peer bullying regarding parental attitudes and parent-adolescent relationship]. Unpublished master’s thesis. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
2.
Analitis, F., Velderman, M. K., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Detmar, S., Erhart, M., Herdman, M., & the European Kidscreen Group. (2009). Being bullied: Associated factors in children and adolescents 8 to 18 years old in 11 European countries. Pediatrics, 123(2), 569–577. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0323.
3.
AndreouE. (2000) Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8- to 12-year-old Greek school children. Aggressive Behavior26: 49–56. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<49::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-M.
4.
AndreouE.BonotiF. (2010) Children’s bullying experiences expressed through drawings and self-reports. School Psychology International31(2): 164–177. doi:10.1177/0143034309352421.
5.
AndreouE.VlachouA.DidaskalouE. (2005) The roles of self-efficacy, peer interactions and attitudes in bully-victim incidents: Implications for intervention policy-practices. School Psychology International26(5): 545–562. doi:10.1177/0143034305060789.
6.
AsherS. R.WheelerV. A. (1985) Children’s loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology53: 500–505. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.500.
7.
AtikG. (2009) Zorbalığı yordayıcı bir değiş ken olarak umut [Hope as a predictor of bullying]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi42(1): 53–68. doi:10.1501/Egifak_0000001137.
8.
BeranT. N.HughesG.LupartJ. (2008) A model of achievement and bullying: Analyses of the Canadian national longitudinal survey of children and youth data. Educational Research50(1): 25–39. doi:10.1080/00131880801920379.
9.
BeranT. N.LupartJ. (2009) The relationship between school achievement and peer harassment in Canadian adolescents: The importance of mediating factors. School Psychology International30(1): 75–91. doi:10.1177/0143034308101851.
10.
BoultonM. J.SmithP. K.CowieH. (2010) Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization/bullying experiences and self-perceptions: Evidence for reciprocity. School Psychology International31(3): 296–311. doi:10.1177/0143034310362329.
11.
BradshawC. P.SawyerA. L.O’BrennanL. M. (2007) Bullying and peer victimization at school: Perceptual differences between students and school staff. School Psychology Review36: 361–382. doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9240-1.
12.
Bulach, C., Fulbright, J. P., & Williams, R. (2003). Bullying behavior: What is the potential for violence at your school? Journal of Instructional Psychology, 30, 156−164. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles /mi_m0FCG/is_2_30/ai_105478985/.
13.
Çakır, S. G. (2001). The relationships of identity status with parental attitudes, family type and parental educational level in adolescents. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
14.
CarneyA. G.MerrellK. W. (2001) Bullying in schools: Perspective on understanding and preventing an international problem. School Psychology International22(3): 364–382. doi:10.1177/0143034301223011.
15.
CassidyT. (2009) Bullying and victimisation in school children: The role of social identity, problem-solving style, and family and school context. Social Psychology of Education12(1): 63–76. doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9066-y.
16.
ChapellM. S.StefanieL. H.KitchinT.LomonS. N.MacIverK. W.SarulloP. L. (2006) Bullying in elementary school, high school, and college. Adolescence41(164): 633–648. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com /ehost/pdfviewer/.
17.
ChengY. Y.ChenL. M.HoH. C.ChengC. L. (2011) Definitions of school bullying in Taiwan: A comparison of multiple perspectives. School Psychology International32(3): 227–243. doi:10.1177/0143034311404130.
18.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescents]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
19.
Dölek, N. (2002). İlk ve orta öğretim okullarındaki öğrenciler arasında zorbaca davranışların incelenmesi ve ‘zorbalığı önleme tutumu geliştirilmesi programı’nın etkisinin araştırılması [An investigation of bullying behaviors among elementary and high school students and the effect of ‘developing bullying prevention attitudes’ program]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
20.
FlouriE.BuchananA. (2003) The role of mother involvement and father involvement in adolescent bullying behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence18(6): 634–644. doi:10.1177/0886260503251129.
21.
GeorgiouS. N. (2008) Parental style and child bullying and victimization experiences at school. Social Psychology of Education11: 213–227. doi:10.1007/s11218-007-9048-5.
22.
GiniG.PozzoliT. (2009) Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics123(3): 1059–1065. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-1215.
23.
GreeneM. B. (2000) Bullying and harassment in schools. In: MoserR. S.FranzC. E. (eds) Shocking violence: Youth perpetrators and victims: A multidisciplinary perspective, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 72–101.
24.
GriffinR. S.GrossA. M. (2004) Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior9(4): 379–400. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00033-8.
25.
HawkerD. S.BoultonM. J. (2000) Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry41(4): 441–455. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00629.
26.
Haye, K. M. (2005). An exploratory look at the relationship between bully/victim status, locus of control, and hopelessness: A moderator model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
27.
HoltM. K.EspelageD. L. (2007) Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence36: 984–994. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9153-3.
28.
HooverJ. H.OliverR.HazlerR. J. (1992) Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the midwestern USA. School Psychology International13: 5–16. doi:10.1177/0143034392131001.
29.
Kartal, H. (2008). İlköğretim öğrencileri arasında zorbalığın yaygınlığı [Bullying prevalence among elementary students]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 207–217. Retrieved May 17, 2009, from http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/.
30.
KimY. S.LeventhalB. L.KohY. J.BoyceW. T. (2009) Bullying increased suicide risk: Prospective study of Korean adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research13(1): 15–30. doi:10.1080/13811110802572098.
31.
KlomekA. B.SouranderA.KumpulainenK.PihaJ.TamminenT.MoilanenI.GouldM. S. (2008) Childhood bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidal ideation among Finnish males. Journal of Affective Disorders109(1–2): 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.226.
32.
Korkut, F. (1986). İlkokul öğrencilerinin kendilerine ve ailelerine ilişkin bazı değişkenlerin denetim odakları üzerine etkisi [The effect of several individual and familial variables on elementary school students’ locus of control]. Unpublished master’s thesis. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
33.
KowalskiR. M.LimberS.AgatstonP. W. (2008) Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
34.
KowalskiR. M.MorganC. A.LimberS. P. (2012) Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International33(5): 505–519. doi:10.1177/0143034312445244.
35.
KristensenS. M.SmithP. K. (2003) The use of coping strategies by Danish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology44(5): 479–488. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9450.2003.00369.x.
36.
KumpulainenK.RasanenE.HenttonenI.AlmqvistF.KresanovK.LinnaS. L.TamminenT. (1998) Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse and Neglect22(7): 705–717. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00049-0.
37.
LambornS. D.MountsN. S.SteinbergL.DarnbushS. M. (1991) Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development62: 1049–1057. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x.
38.
LarochetteA. C.MurphyA. N.CraigW. M. (2010) Racial bullying and victimization in Canadian school-aged children: Individual and school level effects. School Psychology International31(4): 389–408. doi:10.1177/0143034310377150.
39.
LittleS. G.Akin-LittleA.LloydK. (2011) Content analysis of School Psychology International, 1990–2011: An analysis of trends and compatibility with the NASP Practice Model. School Psychology International32(6): 569–591. doi:10.1177/0143034311424660.
40.
MaX.StewinL. L.MahD. L. (2001) Bullying in school: Nature, effects and remedies. Research Papers in Education16(3): 247–270. doi:10.1080/02671520126826.
41.
MonksC. P.SmithP. K. (2006) Definitions of bullying: Age differences in understanding of the term, and the role of experience. British Journal of Developmental Psychology24(4): 801–821. doi: 10.1348/026151005X82352.
42.
MynardH.JosephS.AlexanderaJ. (2000) Peer-victimisation and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, i. 815–821. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00234-2.
43.
NanselT. R.OverpeckM.PillaR. S.RuanW. J.Simons-MortonB.ScheidtP. (2001) Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. The Journal of the American Medical Association285(16): 2094–2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094.
44.
NatvigG. K.AlbrektsenG.QvarnstrømU. (2001) School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence30(5): 561–575. doi:10.1023/A:1010448604838.
45.
NowickiS.StricklandB. (1973) A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology40: 148–154. doi: 10.1037/h0033978.
46.
O’MooreM.KirkhamC. (2001) Self-esteem and its relationship to bullying behaviour. Aggresive Behavior27: 269–283. doi:10.1002/ab.1010.
47.
OlweusD. (1980) Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: A causal analysis. Developmental Psychology16(6): 644–660. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.644.
48.
OlweusD. (1993) Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do, Oxford: Blackwell.
49.
OlweusD. (1994) Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry35(7): 1171–1190. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x.
50.
OlweusD. (1996) The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire for students, Bergen: University of Bergen.
51.
OlweusD. (2001) Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some important issues. In: JuvonenJ.GrahamS. (eds) Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized, New York, NY: Guilford Press, pp. 3–20.
52.
Özer, A., & Totan, T. (2009, October). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin cinsiyetlerine, başarı seviyelerine ve öz yeterliklerine göre zorbalık statülerinin incelenmesi [An investigation of bullying status of elementary school students regarding gender, academic achievement, and self-efficacy]. Paper presented at the X. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, Adana, Turkey.
53.
PaulS.SmithP. K.BlumbergH. H. (2012) Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International33(5): 492–504. doi:10.1177/0143034312445243.
54.
PearceJ. B.ThompsonA. E. (1998) Practical approaches to reduce the impact of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood79(6): 528–531. doi:10.1136/adc.79.6.528.
55.
Peskin, M. F., Tortolero, S. R., & Markham, C. M. (2006). Bullying and victimization among Black and Hispanic adolescents. Adolescence, 41(163), 467–484. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/.
56.
Piş kin, M. (2010). Examination of peer bullying among primary and middle school children in Ankara. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 175–189. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/.
57.
RosenbergM. (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
58.
RosenbergM. (1979) Conceiving the self, New York, NY: Basic Books.
59.
SchwartzD.FarverJ. M.ChangL.Lee-ShinY. (2002) Victimization in South Korean children’s peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology30(2): 113–125. doi:10.1023/A:1014749131245.
60.
Seals, D., & Young, J. (2003). Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence, 38(152), 735–747. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://ehis.ebscohost.com /ehost/pdfviewer/.
61.
ShinY. (2010) Psychosocial and friendship characteristics of bully/victim subgroups in Korean primary school children. School Psychology International31(4): 372–388. doi:10.1177/0143034310377296.
62.
SkrzypiecG.SleeP.Murray-HarveyR.PereiraB. (2011) School bullying by one or more ways: Does it matter and how do students cope?School Psychology International32(3): 288–311. doi:10.1177/0143034311402308.
63.
SmithP. K.BrainP. (2000) Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research. Aggressive Behavior26: 1–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-7.
64.
SolbergM. E.OlweusD.EndresenI. M. (2007) Bullies and victims at school: Are they the same pupils?British Journal of Educational Psychology77: 441–464. doi: 10.1348/000709906X105689.
65.
SpriggsA. L.IannottiR. J.NanselT. R.HaynieD. L. (2007) Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: Commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health41(3): 283–293. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.009.
66.
SteinbergL.LambornS. D.DornbuschS. M.DarlingN. (1992) Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed. Child Development63: 1266–1281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01694.x.
67.
StevensV.BourdeaudhuijI. D.OostP. V. (2002) Relationship of the family environment to children’s involvement in bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence31(6): 419–428. doi:10.1023/A:1020207003027.
68.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2001) Using multivariate statistics, 4th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
69.
Tarhan, N. (1996). The relationship of sociometric status, sex, academic achievement, school type, and grade level with loneliness levels of secondary school students. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
70.
TattumD.TattumE. (1992) Social education and personal development, London: David Fulton.
71.
Tharp-TaylorS.HavilandA.D’AmicoE. J. (2009) Victimization from mental and physical bullying and substance use in early adolescence. Addictive Behaviors34: 561–567. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.012.
72.
Von MaréesN.PetermannF. (2010) Bullying in German primary schools: Gender differences, age trends and influence of parents’ migration and educational backgrounds. School Psychology International31(2): 178–198. doi:10.1177/0143034309352416.
73.
Von MaréesN.PetermannF. (2012) Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools. School Psychology International33(5): 467–476. doi:10.1177/0143034312445241.
74.
WangJ.IannottiR. J.NanselT. R. (2009) School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. The Journal of Adolescent Health45(4): 368–375. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021.
75.
WeiH.-S.WilliamsJ. H.ChenJ.-K.ChangH.-Y. (2010) The effects of individual characteristics, teacher practice, and school organizational factors on students’ bullying: A multilevel analysis of public middle schools in Taiwan. Children and Youth Services Review32: 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.08.004.
76.
WilsonD. (2004) The interface of school climate and school connectedness and relationships with aggression and victimization. Journal of School Health74(7): 293–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08286.x.
77.
Yeş ilyaprak, B. (1988). Lise öğrencilerinin içsel ya da dışsal denetimli oluşlarını etkileyen etmenler [The factors that influence internal and external locus of control among high school students] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
78.
Yılmaz, A. (2000). Eşler arasındaki uyum ve çocuğun algıladığı anne-baba tutumu ile çocukların, ergenlerin ve gençlerin akademik başarıları ve benlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiler [The relationship between marital adjustment, the child’s perception of parenting style and childrens’ and adolescents’ academic achievement and self-concept]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
