Techniques are presented for the manual tuning of controllers on unidentified processes using Proportional plus Derivative, Proportional plus Integral and Three Term controllers. Successful tuning procedures are achieved by providing clear and rational objectives coupled with easily understood methods of achieving those objectives. Theoretical bases are given for the two main methods - the maximum gain method and the minimum integral method- thus providing an understanding of manual tuning not previously available and bridging one of the important gaps between the theory and the practice of control engineering.
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