Modern scholarship is divided on the interpretation of πάσχω in Gal. 3.4, and there has yet to be a definitive study on the subject attempting to rectify the disagreements. The clear consensus prior to the late seventeenth century was that πάσχω possessed negative connotations in this passage. This interpretation was briefly challenged by Justus Christoph Schomer (1648–1693), influencing the majority of German scholarship and creating a major polarity among scholars in the English-speaking world. After making this history of interpretation known, the present study tries to demonstrate that, lexically, thematically and contextually, the preferable interpretation regards πάσχω as a reference to suffering, in keeping with the longstanding interpretative tradition.
AlexanderG.BroadusJ.A.SchaffP.1894Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon (New York: The Christian Literature Company).
2.
BaaslandE.1984 ‘Persecution: A Neglected Feature in the Letter to the Galatians’, ST 38.2: 135-50.
3.
BeckerJ.1981Der Brief an die Galater (NTD, 8; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).
4.
BeekesR.2009Etymological Dictionary of Greek (2 vols.; Leiden: Brill).
5.
BeetJ.A.1885A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (London: Hodder and Stoughton).
FeeG.D.1994God’s Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson).
32.
FergussonJ.1659A Brief Exposition of the Letters of Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians (London: Company of Stationers).
33.
FindlayG.G.1891The Epistle to the Galatians (The Expositor’s Bible; London: Hodder & Stoughton).
34.
FungR.Y.K.1988The Epistle to the Galatians (NICNT; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
35.
GarlingtonD.2007An Exposition of Galatians: A Reading from the New Perspective (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock).
36.
GeorgeT.1994Galatians (NAC, 30; Nashville: B&H).
37.
GoddardA.J.CumminsS.A.1993 ‘Ill or Ill-Treated? Conflict and Persecution as the Context of Paul’s Original Ministry in Galatia (Galatians 4.12-20)’, JSNT52: 93-126.
38.
GormanM.J.2004Apostle of the Crucified Lord: A Theological Introduction to Paul and his Letters (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
39.
GreerR.A.2010Theodore of Mopsuestia: The Commentaries on the Minor Epistles of Paul (Atlanta: SBL).
40.
GuthrieD.1969Galatians (The Century Bible; London: Nelson).
41.
HafemannS.J.1986Suffering and the Spirit: An Exegetical Study of II Cor. 2:14–3:3 within the Context of the Corinthian Correspondence (WUNT, 19; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
42.
HafemannS.J.2000 ‘The Role of Suffering in the Mission of Paul’, in ÅdnaJosteinKvalbeinHans (eds.), The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles (WUNT, 127; Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]): 165-84.
43.
HardinJ.K.2008Galatians and the Imperial Cult: A Critical Analysis of the First-Century Social Context of Paul’s Letter (WUNT, 237; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
44.
HarmonM.S.2010She Must and Shall Go Free: Paul’s Isaianic Gospel in Galatians (BZNW, 168; Berlin: Walter de Gruyter).
45.
HolstenC.1880Das Evangelium des Paulus: Teil I. Die äussere Entwicklungsgeschichte des Paulinischen Evangeliums, Abteilung 1. Der Brief an die gemeinden Galatiens und der erste Brief an die Gemeinde in Korinth (Berlin: G. Reimer).
JowettB.1894The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Galatians, Romans: With Critical Notes and Dissertations (London: John Murray).
48.
KahlB.2010Galatians Re-imagined: Reading with the Eyes of the Vanquished (Paul in Critical Contexts; Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
49.
KeesmaatS.C.1999Paul and his Story: (Re)Interpreting the Exodus Tradition (JSNTSup, 181; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).
50.
KelhofferJames A.2010Persecution, Persuasion and Power: Readiness to Withstand Hardship as a Corroboration of Legitimacy in the New Testament (WUNT, 270; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
LagrangeM.-J.1942Saint Paul Épitre aux Galates (Paris: Gabalda).
54.
LarcherF.R.1966The Collected Works of St. Thomas Aquinas: Commentary on Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (Aquinas Scripture Series; Albany: Magi Books).
55.
LevyI.C.2011The Letter to the Galatians (The Bible in Medieval Tradition; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
56.
LietzmannH.1923An die Galater (HNT, 10; Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]).
57.
LightfootJ.B.1870St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (2nd edn; Andover: Warren F. Draper).
58.
LipsiusR.A.1893Die Brief an die Galater, Römer, Philipper (Freiburg: J.C.B. Mohr).
59.
LongeneckerR.1990Galatians (WBC, 41; Nashville: Thomas Nelson).
60.
LopezD.C.2008Apostle to the Conquered: Reimagining Paul’s Mission (Paul in Critical Contexts; Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
61.
LullD.J.1980The Spirit in Galatia: Paul’s Interpretation of Pneuma as Divine Power (SBLDS, 49; Chico, CA: Scholars Press).
62.
LührmannD.1978Der Brief an die Galater (ZBNT, 7; Zürich: Theologischer Verlag).
63.
LutherM.[1535] 1979Commentary on Galatians (ed. FallowesJ.P.; Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel).
64.
LyonnetS.1966Les Épitres de Saint Paul aux Galates, aux Romains (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf).
65.
MartynJ.L.1997Galatians (AB, 33A; New Haven: Yale University Press).
66.
MateraF.J.1992Galatians (Sacra Pagina; Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press).
NanosM.D.2002The Irony of Galatians: Paul’s Letter in First-Century Context (Minneapolis: Fortress Press).
72.
OepkeA.1964Der Brief des Paulus an die Galater (THNT, 9; Berlin: Evangelische Verlangsanstalt).
73.
PerkinsP.2001Abraham’s Divided Children: Galatians and the Politics of Faith (The New Testament in Context; Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International).
74.
PerkinsW.1617A Commentarie vpon the Epistle to the Galatians (London: Iohn Legatt, printer to the Vniuersitie of Cambridge).
75.
PéryA.1959L’Épitre aux Galates (Neuchâtel: Delachaux & Niestlé).
76.
PlumerE.2006Augustine’s Commentary on Galatians: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Notes (Oxford Early Christian Studies; Oxford: Oxford University Press).
77.
PreuschenE.1910Vollständiges Griechisch-Deutsches Handwörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur (Gießen: A. Töppelmann).
RidderbosH.N.1953The Epistles of Paul to the Church of Galatia (NICNT; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
80.
SchlatterA.1949Die Briefe an die Galater, Epheser, Kolosser und Philemon (Stuttgart: Calwer).
81.
SchlierH.1951Der Brief an die Galater (KEKNT; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).
82.
SchneiderG.1969The Epistle to the Galatians (trans. SmythKevin; London: Burns & Oates).
83.
SchomerJ.C.1706Exegesis in Omnes Epistolas S. Pauli Minores, Ad Galatas, Ad Ephesios, Ad Philippenses, Ad Colossenses, Utramque Ad Thessalonicenses, Utramque Ad Timotheum, Ad Titum & Ad Philemonem (Rostochi: Weppling).
84.
SchreinerT.R.2010Galatians (ZECNT, 9; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).
85.
SieffertF.1899Der Brief an die Galater (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht).
86.
TolmieD.F.2005Persuading the Galatians: A Text-Centered Rhetorical Analysis of a Pauline Letter (WUNT, 190; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
87.
UsteriL.1833Commentar über den Brief Pauli an die Galater (Zürich: Orell Füssli und Compagnie).
88.
ViardA.1964Saint Paul Épitre aux Galates (Sources Bibliques; Paris: Gabalda).
89.
VougaF.1998An die Galater (HNT, 10; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
90.
WainwrightA.1987A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St Paul: To the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians: John Locke (2 vols.; Oxford: Oxforf University Press).
