Contested Paternity and Contested Readings: Jesus’ Conception in Matthew 1.18-25

Abstract

Some recent readings of Matthew’s account of Jesus’ conception have questioned whether it would have been originally understood in the way it has traditionally been interpreted, namely, as a miraculous divine act in which there was no human male agency. This article presents their case in regard to how the language of ‘begotten by the holy Spirit’ (1.18, 20) would have been understood in a Jewish context, whether Matthew changes the force of παρθένος in his citation of LXX Isa. 7.14 (1.23) and what the reference to Joseph’s abstinence from intercourse with Mary until after the birth (1.25) might signify. It asks whether the traditional or revised reading fits better in its Matthean context and what light might be shed on each by Matthew’s use of tradition. It revisits the use of LXX Isa. 7.14 and the interpretation of ‘begotten by the holy Spirit’ in a Jewish context, before assessing the rival readings in the light of ancient views of procreation and conception and of the story’s apparent apologetic features. Finally, the article provides brief reflection on how this contest of readings might be adjudicated.