Abstract
A viable interpretation of Rom. 11.25-27 must be able to explain four interrelated problems: (1) Paul’s use of καì οűтως to connect vv. 25 and 26, (2) the phrase Πȃς Ἰσραήλ in v. 26, (3) how Paul intends for his citation of Isa. 59.20, 27.9 to support his argument, and (4) why Paul’s citation of Isa. 59.20 says the deliverer comes έκ (rather than ένεκεν) Σiών. Beginning with the change to Isa. 59.20, this article argues that Paul is intentionally altering Isaiah’s salvation-historical scheme, in keeping with his earlier arguments in chs. 10—11, such that the glorification of the Gentiles draws Israel into the realm of salvation rather than vice versa. Paul cites and redacts Isa. 59.20 to support his claim for an in-time instrumentality at work through the ingathering of the Gentiles for the sake of Israel’s salvation, analogous to the jealousy arguments found earlier in Rom. 11.
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