BurneyPGJ, ChinnS, RhonaRJ.Has the prevalence of asthma increased in children? Evidence from the national study of health and growth.BMJ1990; 300: 1306–10.
2.
PeatJK, van den BerghRH, GreenWFChanging prevalence of asthma in Australian children.BMJ1994; 308: 1591–6.
3.
von MutiusE, MartinezFD, FritschCPrevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany.Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994; 149: 358–64.
4.
Ng'ang'aLW, OdhiamboJA, MungaiMWPrevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in Kenyan school children: an urban–rural comparison.Thorax1998; 53: 919–6.
5.
StrachanDP.Hay fever, hygiene and household size.BMJ1989; 299: 1259–60.
6.
SigursN, BjarnasonR, SigurbergssonFAsthma and immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls.Pediatrics1995; 95: 500–5.
7.
BardinPG, JohnstonSL, PattermorePK.Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms: II. Physiology and mechanisms.Clin Exp Allergy1992; 22: 809–22.
8.
TeranLM, JohnstonSL, SchroderJMRole of nasal interleukin-8 in neutrophil recruitment and activation in children with virus-induced asthma.Am J Respir Crit Care Med1997; 155: 1362–6.
9.
O'DonnellDR, OpenshawPJM.Anaphylactic sensitization to aeroantigen during respiratory virus infection.Clin Exp Allergy1998; 28: 1501–8.
10.
SlyPD, HibbertME.Childhood asthma following hospitalization with acute viral bronchiolitis in infancy.Pediatr Pulmonol1989; 7: 153–8.
11.
MurrayM, WebbMSC, O'CallaghanCRespiratory status and allergy after bronchiolitis.Arch Dis Child1992; 67: 482–7.
12.
ConnochieKM, RoghmannKJ.Wheezing at 8 and 13 years: changing importance of bronchiolitis and passive smoking.Pediatr Pulmonol1989; 6: 138–46.
13.
PullanCR, HeyEN.Wheezing, asthma and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy.BMJ1982; 284: 1665–9.
14.
KumarA, SorknessR, KaplanMRChronic, episodic, reversible airway obstruction after viral bronchiolitis in rats.Am J Respir Crit Care Med1997; 155: 130–4.
MosmannTR, SadS.The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more.Immunol Today1996; 17: 73–81.
17.
DuffAL, PomeranzES, GelberLERisk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens.Pediatrics1993; 92: 535–40.
SakamotoM, IdaS, TakishimaT.Effect of influenza virus infection on allergic sensitization to aerosolized ovalbumin in mice.J Immunol1984; 132: 1614–17.
20.
SuzukiS, SuzukiY, YamamotoNInfluenza A virus increases IgE production and airway responsiveness in aerosolized antigen-exposed mice.J Allergy Clin Immunol1998; 102: 732–40.
21.
CunninghamAF, JohnstonSL, JuliousSAChronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children.Eur Respir J1998; 11: 345–9.
22.
CookPJ, DaviesP, TunnicliffeWChlamydia pneumoniae and asthma.Thorax1998; 53: 254–9.
23.
LarsenFO, NornS, MordhorstCHChlamydia pneumoniae and possible relationship to asthma. Serum immunoglobulins and histamine release in patients and controls.APMIS1998; 106: 928–34.
24.
KraftM, CassellGH, HensonJEDetection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma.Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998; 158: 998–1001.
25.
OpenshawPJ, LemanskeRF.Respiratory viruses and asthma: can the effects be prevented?Eur Respir J1998; 12: Suppl. 27: 35s–39s.
26.
ButlandBK, StrachanDP, LewisSInvestigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts.BMJ1997; 315: 717–2.
27.
StrachanDP, GriffithsJM, AndersonHRAllergic sensitization and position in the sibship: a national study of young British adults.Thorax1994; 49: 1053P.
28.
StrachanDP, TaylorEM, CarpenterRG.Family structure, neonatal infection, and hay fever in adolescence.Arch Dis Child1996; 74: 422–6.
29.
StrachanDP.Is allergic disease programmed in early life?Clin Exp Allergy1994; 24: 603–5.
MartinezFD, SternDA, WrightALAssociation of non-wheezing lower respiratory tract illnesses in early life with persistently diminished serum IgE levels.Thorax1995; 50: 1067–72.
32.
Von MutiusE, MartinezFD, FritschCPrevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany.Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994; 149: 350–64.
33.
FarooqiIS, HopkinJM.Early childhood infection and atopic disorder.Thorax1998; 53: 927–32.
ShirakawaT, EnomotoT, ShimazuS, HopkinJ.The inverse relationship between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder.Science1997; 275: 77–9.
36.
ShaheenSO, AabyP, HallAJMeasles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau.Lancet1996; 347: 1792–6.
37.
MatricardiPM, RosminiF, FerrignoLCross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus.BMJ1997; 314: 999–1003.
38.
RomagnaniS.Induction of Th1 and Th2 responses: a key role for the “natural” immune response?Immunol Today1992; 13: 379–81.
39.
PrescottSL, MacaubasC, HoltBJTransplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of the initial T-cell responses towards the Th2-cytokine profile.J Immunol1998; 160: 4730–7.
40.
PrescottSL, MacaubasC, SmallcombeTDevelopment of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children.Lancet1999; 353: 196–200.
41.
RomagnaniS.Regulation of the development of type 2 helper cells in allergy.Curr Opin Immunol1994; 6: 838–46.
42.
ErbKJ, HollowayJW, SobeckAInfections of mice with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) suppress allergen-induced airway eosinophilia.J Exp Med1998; 187: 561–9.
43.
WangCC, RookGAW.Inhibition of an established allergic response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice by killed Mycobacterium vaccae.Immunology1998; 93: 307–13.
44.
SudoN, SawamuraS-A, TanakaKThe requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction.J Immunol1997; 159: 1739–45.
45.
KiernanKE, ColleyJRC, DouglasJWB, ReidDD.Chronic cough in young adults in relation to smoking habits, childhood environment and chest illness.Respiration1976; 33: 36–44.