The Dilemma of Antenatal HIV Testing: What Goes on in the European Community?

Department of Health. Guidelines for Offering Voluntary Named HIV Antibody Testing to Women Receiving Ante-natal Care. London: Department of Health, 1994.

Department of Health. Guidelines for Pre-test Discussion on HIV Testing. London: Department of Health, 1996.

Intercollegiate Working Party. Reducing Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Infection in the United Kingdom. London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 1998.

Connor E , Sperling R , Gelber R , Kiselev P , Scott G , O'Sullivan M. Reduction of maternal—infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1173–80.

Dunn D , Newell M-L , Ades A , Peckham C. Risk of human immuno-deficency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding. Lancet 1992; 340: 585–8.

Hudson CN. Commentary: elective caesarean section for HIV seropositivity. Lancet (in press).

Department of Health. Changing Childbirth. London: HMSO, 1993.

Stephenson JM, Griffioen A and the Study Group for the Medical Research Council Collaborative Study of Women with HIV. The effect of HIV diagnosis on reproductive experience. AIDS 1996; 10: 1683–7.

Thorne C , Newell M-L , Dunn D , Peckham C. Characteristics of pregnant HIV-1 infected women in Europe. European Collaborative Study. AIDS Care 1996; 8: 33–42.

Gibb DM , MacDonagh SE , Tookey PA Uptake of interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the United Kingdom and Ireland. AIDS 1997; 11: F53–F58.

Heath RB , Grint PCA , Hardiman AE. Anonymous testing of women attending antenatal clinics for evidence of infection with HIV. Lancet 1988; i: 1394.

Krasinski K , Borokowsky W , Bebenroth D , Moore T. Failure of voluntary testing for human immunodeficiency virus to identify infected parturient women in a high risk population. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 185.

Sherr L. Tomorrow's era: gender, psychology and HIV infection. In: AIDS as a Gender Issue: Psychological Perspectives. London: Taylor & Francis, 1996: 16–45.

Unlinked Anonymous HIV Surveys Steering Group. Unlinked Anonymous HIV Prevalence Monitoring Programme: England and Wales. Data to the End of 1996. London: Department of Health, 1997.

Tookey PA , Gibb DM , Ades AE Performance of antenatal HIV screening strategies in the UK. J Med Screening 1998; 5: 133–6.

Davison CF , Holland FJ , Newell M-L , Hudson CN , Peckham CS. Screening for HIV infection in pregnancy. AIDS Care 1993; 5: 135–40.

World Guide. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, 1997/1998.

National Study of HIV in Pregnancy. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists Newsletter, 1998: 37.

Chrystie IL , Palmer SJ , Kenney A , Banatvala JE. HIV seroprevalence among women attending antenatal clinics in London. Lancet 1992; 339: 364.

Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. Working Party Report on HIV Infection in Maternity Care and Gynaecology. London: RCOG, 1996.

Hawken J , Chard T , Costeloe K , Jeffries DJ , Hudson CN. Risk factors for HIV infection overlooked on routine antenatal care. J R Soc Med 1995; 88: 634–6.

Hawken J , Chard T , Costeloe K Risk identification for HIV infection in an inner London antenatal population. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 1994; 55: 141–4.

Simpson WM , Johnstone FD , Goldberg DJ , Hart GJ. Antenatal HIV testing: assessment of a routine voluntary approach. BMJ (in press).

MacDonagh SE , Masters J , Helps BA , Tookey PA , Ades AE , Gibb D. Descriptive survey of antenatal HIV testing in London: policy, uptake, and detection. BMJ 1996; 313: 533–4.

MacDonagh SE , Masters J , Helps BA , Tookey PA , Gibb D. Why are antenatal HIV policies in London failing? Br J Midwifery 1996; 4: 466–70.