The role of surgery in primary hyperthyroidism

Weetman A.P. , McGregor A.M. , Hall R. Evidence for an effect of antithyroid drugs on the natural history of Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 21: 163–72.

Weetman A.P. , Tandon N. , Morgan B.P. Antithyroid drugs and the release of inflammatory mediators by complement-attacked thyroid cells. Lancet 1992; 340: 633–6.

Kunitake J.M. , Pekary A.E. , Hershman J.M. Ageing and the hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis. In: Morely J.E. , Korenman S.G. , eds. Endocrinology and Metabolism in the Elderly. Boston: Blackwell Scientific 1991: 92–110.

Schleusener H. , Schwander H. , Fischer C. , Holle R. , Holl G. , Badenhoop K. Prospective multicentre study on the prediction of relapse after antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves' disease. Acta Endocrinol 1989; 120: 689–701.

Feldt-Rasmussen U. , Schieusener H. , Carayon P. Meta-analysis evaluation of the impact of thyrotropin receptor antibodies on long term remission after medical therapy of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 98–102.

Weetman A.P. , Pickerill A.P. , Watson P. , Chatterjee V.K. , Edwards O.M. Treatment of Graves' disease with the block-replace regimen of antithyroid drugs: the effects of treatment duration and immunogenetic susceptibility on relapse. QJ Med 1994; 87: 337–41.

Romaidini J.H. , Bromberg N. , Werner R.S. , Tanaka L.M. , Rodrigues H.F. , Werner M.C. Comparison of effects of high and low dosage regimens of antithyroid drugs in the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 563–70.

Reinwein D. , Banker G. , Lazarus J.H. , Alexander W.D. The European Multicenter Study Group on Antithyroid Drug Treatment. A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves' disease therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 1516–21.

Allannic H. , Fanchet R. , Orgiazzi J. , Madec A.M. , Genetet B. , Lorcy Y. Antithyroid drugs and Graves' disease: A prospective randomised evaluation of the efficacy of treatment duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 675–9.

Sugrue D. , McEvoy M. , Feely J. , Drury M.I. Hyperthyroidism in the land of Graves': results of treatment by surgery, radioiodine and carbimazole in 837 cases. QJ Med 1980; 49: 51–61.

Hashizume K. , Ichikawa K. , Sakurai A. , Suzuki S. , Takeda T. , Kobayashi M. Administration of thyroxine in treated Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 324: 947–53.

McIver B. , Rae P. , Beckett G. , Wilkinson E. , Gold A. , Toft A. Lack of effect of thyroxine in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism who are treated with an antithyroid drug. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 220–4.

Hadley AJ, Young RE, Jones SJ, Alexander WD, Bewsher PD, Scottish Automated Follow-up Register Group. Antithyroid drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease: long-term follow-up of 434 patients. Clin Endocrinol 1989; 31: 209–18.

Saenger E.I. , Thoma G.E. , Tompkins E.A. Incidence of leukemia following treatment of hyperthyroidism. JAMA 1968; 205: 147–54.

Hadley A.J. , Lazarus J.H. , McGhee S.M. , Jones R.B. , Sharp P.F. , Naven L.M. Treatment of hyperthyroidism by radioactive iodine. J R Coll Phys Lond 1992; 26: 348–51.

The Radioiodine Audit Subcommittee of the Royal College of Physicians Committee on Diabetes and Endocrinology. Guidelines: the use of radioiodine in the management of hyperthyroidism. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1995: 1–26.

Farrar J.J. , Toft A.D. Iodine-131 treatment of hyperthyroidism: current issues. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 35: 207–12.

International Commission on Radiological Protection. Committee 1. The evaluation of risks from radiation. Health Phys 1966; 12: 239–302.

Holm L-E , Hall P. , Wiklund K. , Lundell G. , Berg G. , Bjelkengren G. Cancer risk after iodine-131 therapy for hyperthyroidism. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1072–7.

Hall P. , Berg G. , Bjekkengren G. Cancer mortality after iodine-131 therapy for hyperthyroidism. Int J Cancer 1992; 50: 886–90.

Bartalena L. , Marcocci C. , Bogazzi F. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves' ophthalmopahty after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1349–52.

Tallstedt L. , Lundell G. , Torring O. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1733–8.

Burch H.B. , Wartofsky L. Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Current concepts regarding pathogenesis and management. Endocrine Rev 1993; 14: 747–93.

Ross D.S. , Ridgway C. , Daniels G.H. Successful treatment of solitary toxic thyroid nodules with relatively low-dose iodine-131, with low prevalence of hypothyroidism. Ann Int Med 1984; 101: 488–90.

De Bruin T.W.A. , Patwardhan N.A. , Brown R.S. , Braverman L.E. Graves' disease: Changes in TSH receptor and anti-microsomal antibodies after thyroidectomy. Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 72: 481–5.

Kasuga Y. , Sugenoya A. , Kobayashi S. , Shimizu T. , Onuma H. , Shingu K. Significance of values of thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulins and appearance of intrathyroidal lymphocytes at subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178: 689–94.

Wheeler M.H. Surgery for hyperthyroidism. In: Wheeler M.H. , Lazarus J.H. , eds. Diseases of the Thyroid. Physiology and Management. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994: 207–18.

Patwardhan N.A. , Moront M. , Rao S. , Rossi S. , Braverman L.E. Surgery still has a role in Graves' hyperthyroidism. Surgery 1993; 114: 1108–13.

Ozaki O. , Ito K. , Mimura T. , Sugino K. , Ito K. Factors affecting thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: case control study by remnant-weight matched-pair analysis. Thyroid 1997; 7: 555–9.

Vestergaard H. , Laurberg P. Radioiodine treatment of recurrent hyperthyroidism in patients previously treated for Graves' disease by subtotal thyroidectomy. J Int Med 1992; 231: 13–17.

Cusick E.L. , Krukowski Z.H. , Matheson N.A. Outcome of surgery for Graves' disease re-examined. Br J Surg 1987; 74: 780–3.

Franklyn J.A. , Daykin J. , Droic Z. , Farmer M. , Sheppard M.C. Long-term follow-up of treatment of thyrotoxicosis by three different methods. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 34: 71–6.

Katlic M.R. , Wang C.A. , Grillo H.C. Substernal goiter. Ann Thorac Surg 1985; 39: 391–9.

Eyre-Brooke I.A. , Talbot C.H. The treatment of autonomous functioning thyroid nodules. Br J Surg 1982; 69: 577–9.

Glinoer D. , Hesch D. , Lagasse R. , Laurberg P. The management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease in Europe in 1986: results of an International Survey. Acta Endocrinol 1987; 185(suppl): 1–37.

Soloman B. , Glinoer D. , Lagasse R. , Wartofsky L. Current trends in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 1518–24.