The Conundrum of Time Trends in Stroke

Whelton PK . Declining mortality from hypertension and stroke. S Med J 1982; 75: 33–8.

Thom TJ . Stroke mortality trends: an international perspective. Ann Epidemiol 1993; 3: 509–18.

Uemura K , Pisa Z. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialised countries since 1950. World Health Stat Q 1988; 41: 155–77.

Bonita R , Stewart A , Beaglehole R. International trends in stroke mortality: 1970–1985. Stroke 1990; 21: 989–92.

Asplund K. Stroke in Europe: widening gap between East and West. Cerebrovasc Dis 1996; 6: 3–6.

Stallones RA . The rise and fall of ischemic heart disease. Scient Am 1980; 243: 43–9.

Morris JN . Recent history of coronary disease. Lancet 1951; i: 1–7.

Feinleib M. Trends in heart disease in the United States. Am J Med Sci 1995; 310(Suppl. 1): S8–S14.

Pisa Z , Uemura K. Trends of mortality from ischaemic heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases in 27 countries, 1968–77. World Health Stat Q 1982; 35: 11–47.

Malmgren R , Bamford J , Warlow C , Sandercock P. Geographical and secular trends in stroke incidence. Lancet 1987; ii: 1196–9.

Garraway M , Whisnant JP . The declining incidence of stroke. In: Rose FC , ed. Clinical Neuroepidemiology. Tunbridge Wells: Pitman Medical, 1980: 144–50.

Broderick JP , Phillips SJ , Whisnant JP , O'Fallon WM , Bergstralh EJ . Incidence rates of stroke in the eighties: the end of the decline in stroke? Stroke 1989; 20: 577–82.

Brown R.D. Jr. , Whisnant JP , Sicks JD , O'Fallon WM , Wiebers DO . Stroke incidence, prevalence, and survival—secular trends in Rochester, Minnesota, through 1989. Stroke 1996; 27: 373–80.

Bonita R , Beaglehole R. The enigma of the decline in stroke deaths in the United States—the search for an explanation. Stroke 1996; 27: 370–2.

Sarti C , Tuomilehto J , Sivenius J Declining trends in incidence, case-fatality and mortality of stroke in three geographic areas of Finland during 1983–1989. Results from the FINMONICA stroke register. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 1259–69.

Tuomilehto J , Rastenyte D , Sivenius J Ten-year trends in stroke incidence and mortality in the FINMONICA stroke study. Stroke 1996; 27: 825–32.

Stegmayr B , Asplund K , Wester PO . Trends in incidence, case-fatality rate, and severity of stroke in Northern Sweden, 1985—1991. Stroke 1994; 25: 1738–45.

Feigin VL , Wiebers DO , Whisnant JP , O'Fallon WM . Stroke incidence and 30-day case-fatality rates in Novosibirsk, Russia, 1982 through 1992. Stroke 1995; 26: 924–9.

Falkeborn M , Persson I , Terent A , Bergstrom R , Lithell H , Naessen T. Long-term trends in incidence of and mortality from acute myocardial infarction and stroke in women: analyses of total first events and of deaths in the Uppsala Health Care Region, Sweden. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 67–74.

Ueda K , Omae T , Hirota Y Decreasing trend in incidence and mortality from stroke in Hisayama residents, Japan. Stroke 1981; 12: 154–60.

Bonita R , Broad JB , Beaglehole R. Changes in stroke incidence and case-fatality in Auckland, New Zealand, 1981—-91. Lancet 1993; 342: 1470–3.

Harmsen P , Tsipogianni A , Wilhelmsen L. Stroke incidence rates were unchanged, while fatality rates declined, during 1971–1987 in Göteborg, Sweden. Stroke 1992; 23: 1410–15.

Hong Y , Bots ML , Pan X , Hofman A , Grobbee DE , Chen H. Stroke incidence and mortality in rural and urban Shanghai from 1984 through 1991: findings from a community-based registry. Stroke 1994; 25: 1165–9.

Wolf PA , Dagostino RB , O'Neal MA Secular trends in stroke incidence and mortality: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1992; 23: 1551–5.

Jorgensen HS , Plesner AM , Hubbe P , Larsen K. Marked increase of stroke incidence in men between 1972 and 1990 in Frederiksberg, Denmark. Stroke 1992; 23: 1701–4.

Terent A. Increasing incidence of stroke among Swedish women. Stroke 1988; 19: 598–603.

Eisenblatter D , Heinemann L , Classen E. Community-based stroke incidence trends from the 1970s through the 1980s in East Germany. Stroke 1995; 26: 919–23.

Korv J , Roose M , Kaasik AE . Changed incidence and case-fatality rates of first-ever stroke between 1970 and 1993 in Tartu, Estonia. Stroke 1996; 27: 199–203.

Rastenyte D , Tuomilehto J , Sarti C , Cepaitis Z , Bluzhas J. Trends in the incidence and mortality of stroke in Kaunas, Lithuania, 1986—1993. Cerebrovasc Dis 1996; 6: 13–20.

Thorvaldsen P , Asplund K , Kuulasmaa K , Rajakangas A , Schroll M. Stroke incidence, case fatality and mortality in the WHO MONICA Project. Stroke 1995; 26: 361–7.

Whisnant JP . The decline of stroke. Stroke 1984; 15: 160–8.

Bonita R , Beaglehole R. Increased treatment of hypertension does not explain the decline in stroke mortality in the United States, 1970—1980. Hypertension 1989; 13(Suppl. 1): I–69–63.

Bonita R , Beaglehole R. Does treatment of hypertension explain the decline in mortality from stroke? BMJ 1986; 292: 191–2.

Klag MJ , Whelton PK , Seidler AJ . Decline in US stroke mortality. Demographic trends and antihypertensive treatment. Stroke 1989; 20: 14–21.

Bonita R , Beaglehole R. Stroke mortality. In: Whisnant JP , ed. Stroke Populations, Cohorts and Clinical Trials. London: Butterworth Heinemann, 1993: 59–79.

Klag MJ , Whelton PK , Appel LJ . Effect of age on the efficacy of blood pressure treatment strategies. Hypertension 1990; 16: 700–5.

Vartiainen E , Sarti C , Tuomilehto J , Kuulasmaa K. Do changes in cardiovascular risk factors explain changes in mortality from stroke in Finland? BMJ 1995; 310: 901–4.

Xie JX , Sasaki S , Joosens JV , Kesteloot H. The relationship between urinary cations obtained from the INTERSALT study and cerebrovascular mortality. J Hum Hypertens 1992; 6: 17–21.

Denton D , Weisinger R , Mundy NI , Wickings EJ , Dixson A , Moisson P The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nature Med 1995; 1: 1009–16.

Poulter NR , Khaw K , Hopwood BEC , Mugambi M , Peart WS , Rose G. The Kenyan Luo Migration Study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 1990; 300: 967–72.

Stamler J , Rose G , Stamler R , Elliott P , Dyer A , Marmot M. INTERSALT study findings. Public health and medical care implications. Hypertension 1989; 14: 570–7.

Elliott P , Stamler J , Nichols R INTERSALT revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ 1996; 312: 1249–53.

Davey Smith G , Phillips AN . Inflation in epidemiology: ‘The proof and measurement of association between two things’ revisited. BMJ 1996; 312: 1659–61.

MacMahon S , Peto R , Cutler J Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–74.

Shinton R , Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. BMJ 1989; 298: 789–94.

Prospective Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13 000 strokes in 450000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet 1995; 346: 1647–53.

Rich-Edwards J , Stampfer M , Manson J Birthweight, breastfeeding, and the risk of coronary heart disease in the Nurses' Health Study [Abstract] Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: S78.

Osmond C , Barker DJP , Winter PD , Fall CHD , Simmonds SJ . Early growth and death from cardiovascular disease in women. BMJ 1993; 307: 1519–24.

Barker DJP , Osmond C , Winter PD , Simmonds SJ , Margetts B. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1989; ii: 577–80.

Martyn CN , Barker DJP , Osmond C. Mothers pelvic size, fetal growth and death from stroke in men. Lancet 1996; 348: 1264–68.

Rice-Edwards C , Bruckdorfer KR . Free radicals, lipoproteins and cardiovascular dysfunction. Mol Asp Med 1992; 13: 3–111.

Jha P , Flather M , Lonn E , Farkouh M , Yusuf S. The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. A critical review of epidemiologic and clinical trial data. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 860–72.

Stephens NG , Parsons A , Schofield PM Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781–6.

Hennekens CH , Buring JE , Manson JE Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1145–9.

Acheson RM , Williams DRR . Does consumption of fruit and vegetables protect against stroke? Lancet 1983; i: 1191–3.

Gale CR , Martyn CN , Winter PD , Cooper C. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in a cohort of the elderly. BMJ 1995; 310: 1563–6.

Gey KF , Stahelin HB , Eichholzer M. Poor plasma status of carotene and vitamin C is associated with higher mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke: Basel Prospective Study. Clin Invest 1993; 71: 3–6.

Verlangieri AJ , Kapeghian JC , El-Dean S , Bush M. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality. Med Hypoth 1985; 16: 7–15.

Nieminen MS , Mattila K , Valtonen V. Infection and inflammation as risk factors for myocardial infarction. Europ Heart J 1993; 14: 12–16.

Jousilahti P , Vartiainen E , Tuomilehto J , Puska P. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis and the risk of coronary disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 567–72.

Valtonen W. Infection as a risk factor for infarction and atherosclerosis. Ann of Med 1991; 23: 539–43.

Capron L. Chlamydia in coronary plaques—hidden culprit or harmless hobo? Nature Med 1996; 2: 856–7.