Penalties of hospital undernutrition

Walesby RK , Goode AW , Spinks TJ , Herring A , Ranicar ASO , Bentall H. Nutritional status of patients requiring cardiac surgery. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77: 570–6.

Bastow MD , Rawlings J , Allison S. Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomised trial. BMJ 1983; 287: 1589–92.

Bistrian BR , Blackburn G , Hallowell E , Heddle R. Protein status of general surgical patients. JAMA 1974; 230: 858–60.

Bistrian BR , Blackburn GL , Vitale J , Cochran D. Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients. JAMA 1976; 235: 1567–70.

Bollet AJ , Owens S. Evaluation of nutritional status of selected hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26: 931–8.

Hill GL , Blackett RL , Pickford L Malnutrition in surgical patients: an unrecognised problem. Lancet 1977; i: 689–92.

McWhirter J , Pennington C. Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. BMJ 1994; 308: 945–8.

Weinsier RL , Hunker PHEM , Krumdieck CL , Butterworth C. Hospital malnutrition. A prospective evaluation of general medical patients during the course of hospitalization. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 418–26.

Willard MD , Gilsdorf RB , Price R. Protein-calorie malnutrition in a community hospital. JAMA 1980; 243: 1720–2.

Breeze E , Maidment A , Bennett N , Flatley J , Carey S. Health Survey for England 1992. London: HMSO, 1994

Rogers PJ. Food, mood and appetite. Nutr Res Rev 1995; 8: 243–69.

Keys A , Brozek J , Henschel A , Mickelsen O , Taylor H. The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950

Goodwin JS , Goodwin JM , Garry P. Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population. JAMA 1983; 249: 2917–21.

Jeejeebhoy KN. Bulk or bounce—the object of nutritional support. J Parent Ent Nutr 1988; 12: 539–49.

Chan STF , McLaughlin SJ , Ponting GA , Biglin J , Dudley H. Muscle power after glucose-potassium loading in undernourished patients. BMJ 1986; 293: 1055–6.

Waller EG , Wade AJ , Treasure J , Ward A , Leonard T , Powell-Tuck J. Physical measures of recovery from anorexia nervosa during hospitalised re-feeding. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50: 165–70.

Melchior JC , Rigaud D , Rozen R , Malon D , Apfelbaum M. Energy expenditure economy induced by decrease in lean body mass in anorexia nervosa. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 793–9.

Alden PB , Madoff RD , Stahl TJ , Lakatua DJ , Ring WS , Cerra FB. Left ventricular function in malnutrition. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: H380–7

Lewis MI , Belman M. Nutrition and the respiratory muscles. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 337–48.

Arora NS , Rochester D. Effect of body weight and muscularity on human diaphragm muscle mass, thickness, and area. J Appl Physiol: Resp Envir Exerc Physiol 1982; 52: 64–70.

Wilson DO , Rogers RM , Wright EC , Anthonisen N. Nutritional intervention in patients with emphysema. Am Rev Resp Dis 1986; 134: 672–7.

Lewis MI , Belman MJ , Dorr-Uyemura . Nutritional supplementation in ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1987; 135: 1062–8.

Efthimiou J , Fleming J , Gomes C , Spiro S. The effect of supplementary oral nutrition in poorly nourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1988; 137: 1075–82.

Knowles JB , Fairbarn MS , Wiggs BJ , Chan-Yan C , Pardy R. Dietary supplementation and respiratory muscle performance in patients with COPD. Chest 1988; 93: 977–83.

Rogers RM , Donahoe M , Costantino J. Physiologic effects of oral supplemental feeding in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1992; 146: 1511–17.

Powell-Tuck J. Don't expect too much of intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 193–5.

Alexander JW. Nutrition and translocation. J Parent Ent Nutr 1990; 14: 170S–174S

Deitch EA. Nutrition and the gut mucosal barrier. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993: 85–91

Elia M , Goren A , Behrens R , Barber RW , Neale G. Effect of total starvation and very low calorie diets on intestinal permeability in man. Clin Sci 1987; 73: 205–10.

van der Hulst RWJ , van Kreel BK , von Meyenfeldt MHF Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 1993; 341: 1363–5.

Roediger WEW. Metabolic basis of starvation diarrhoea. Lancet 1986; i: 1082–4.

Chandra RK. Nutritional regulation of immunity and infection: from epidemiology to phenomenology to clinical practice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5: 844–52.

Beisel WR. Single nutrients and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 417–68.

Dhoot R , Georgieva C , Grottrup T , Mahdavian R , Poh R , Hindle A. The management of clinical nutrition in NHS hospitals. MBA project, Lancaster University, 1994

Windsor J A , Hill G. Weight loss with physiologic impairment. Ann Surg 1988; 207: 290–6.

Warnold I , Lundholm K. Clinical significance of preoperative nutritional status in 215 noncancer patients. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 299–305.

Flynn MB , Leightty F. Preoperative outpatient nutritional support of patients with squamous cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 1987; 154: 359–62.

Meguid MM , Debonis D , Meguid V , Hill LR , Terz J. Complications of abdominal operations for malignant disease. Am J Surg 1988; 156: 341–5.

Burr RG , Clift-Peace L , Nuseibeh I. Haemoglobin and albumin as predictors of length of stay of spinal injured patients in a rehabilitation centre. Paraplegia 1993; 31: 473–8.

Muhlethaler R , Stuck AE , Minder CE , Frey B. The prognostic significance of protein-energy malnutrition in geriatric patients. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 193–7.

Keller HH. Weight gain impacts morbidity and mortality in institutionalized older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 165–9.

Bastow MD , Rawlings J , Allison S. Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1983; 287: 1589–92.

Delmi M , Rapin C-H , Bengoa J-M , Delmas OPD , Vasey H , Bonjour J-P. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990; 335: 1013–16.

Larrson J , Unosson M , Ek A-C , Nilsson L , Thorslund S , Bjurulf P. Effect of dietary supplement on nutritional status and clinical outcome in 501 geriatric patients—a randomised study. Clin Nutr 1990; 9: 179–84.

Sagar SPH , Shields R. Early postoperative feeding with elemental diet. BMJ 1979; i: 293–5.

Askanazi J , Starker PM , Olsson C Effect of immediate postoperative nutritional support on length of hospitalization. Ann Surg 1986; 206: 236–9.

von Meyenfeldt MF , Meijerink WJHJ , Rouflard MJ , Buil-Maassen NTHJ , Soeters P. Perioperative nutritional support—a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 1992; 11: 180–6.

Klein S , Simes J , Blackburn G. Total parenteral nutrition and cancer clinical trials. Cancer 1986; 58: 1378–86.

Veterans Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 525–32

Jamieson CP , Norton B , Day T , Lakeman M , Powell-Tuck J. The quantitative effect of nutrition support on quality of life in outpatients. Gut 1996; 38(Suppl. 1): A41