Abstract

References
1.
Lewis
M
,
Topliss
DJ
,
Okita
N
,
How
J
,
Row
VV
,
Volpé
R.
The etiology of endocrine exophthalmos . In:
Franklin
EC
, ed. Clinical immunology update . New York : Elsevier Biomedical , 1983 : 261 –80
2.
Jacobson
DH
,
Gorman
CA
. Endocrine ophthalmopathy: Current ideas concerning etiology, pathogenesis and treatment . Endocr Rev
1984 ; 5 : 200 –20
3.
Pope
RM
,
Ludgate
ME
,
McGregor
AM
. Observations on Graves' ophthalmopathy: Pathology and pathogenesis . In:
McGregor
AM
, ed. Immunology of endocrine diseases . Lancaster : MTP Press , 1986 : 161 –80
4.
Amino
N
,
Yuasa
T
,
Yabu
Y
,
Miyai
K.
Exophthalmos in autoimmune thyroid disease . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1980 ; 51 : 1232 –4
5.
Werner
SC
,
Coleman
DJ
,
Franzen
LA
. Ultrasonographic evidence of a consistent orbital involvement in Graves' disease . N Engl J Med
1974 ; 308 : 420 –4
6.
Enzmann
DR
,
Donaldson
SS
,
Kriss
JP
. Appearance of Graves' eye disease on orbital computed tomography . J Comput Assist Tomogr
1979 ; 3 : 815 –9
7.
Mauri
L
,
Meienberg
O
,
Roth
E
,
Konig
MP
. Evaluation of endocrine opthalmopathy with saccadic eye movements . J Neurol
1984 ; 231 : 182 –7
8.
Gamblin
GT
,
Harper
DG
,
Galentine
P
,
Buck
DR
,
Chernow
B
,
Eil
C.
Prevalence of increased intraocular pressure in Graves' disease – evidence of frequent subclinical ophthalmopathy . N Engl J Med
1983 ; 308 : 420 –4
9.
Allen
C
,
Stetz
D
,
Roman
SH
,
Podos
S
,
Som
P
,
Davies
TF
. Prevalence and clinical associations of intraocular pressure changes in Graves' disease . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1985 ; 61 : 183 –7
10.
Teng
CSS
,
Yeo
PPB
. Ophthalmic Graves' disease: Natural history and detailed thyroid function studies . Br Med J
1977 ; 1 : 273 –5
11.
Gwinup
G
,
Elias
AN
,
Ascher
MS
. Effect on exophthalmos of various methods of treatment of Graves' disease . JAMA
1982 ; 247 : 2135 –8
12.
Weetman
AP
,
McGregor
AM
. Autoimmune thyroid disease – developments in our understanding . Endocr Rev
1984 ; 5 : 309 –55
13.
Hagg
E
,
Asplimol
K.
Is endocrine ophthalmology related to smoking?
Br Med J
1987 ; 295 : 634 –5
14.
Teng
CS
,
Smith
BR
,
Clayton
B
,
Evered
DC
,
Clark
F
,
Hall
R.
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in ophthalmic Graves' disease . Clin Endocrinol
1977 ; 6 : 207 –11
15.
Trokel
SL
,
Jakobiec
FA
. Correlation of CT scanning and pathologic features of ophthalmic Graves' disease . Ophthalmology
1981 ; 88 : 553 –64
16.
Campbell
RJ
. Pathology of Graves' ophthalmopathy . In:
Gorman
CA
,
Waller
RA
,
Dyer
JA
, eds. The eye and orbit in thyroid disease . New York : Raven Press
1984 : 25 –31
17.
Daicker
B.
Das gewebliche Substrat der Verdickten ausseren Augenmuskeln bei der endokrinen Orbitopathie . Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd
1979 ; 174 : 843 –7
18.
Sisson
JC
,
Vanderburg
JA
. Lymphocyte-retrobulbar fibroblast interaction: Mechanisms by which stimulation occurs and inhibition of stimulation . Invest Ophthalmol
1972 ; 11 : 15 –20
19.
Roberts
AB
,
Anzano
MA
,
Wakefield
LM
,
Roche
NS
,
Stern
DF
,
Sporn
MB
. Type β transforming growth factor: a bifunctional regulator of cellular growth . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1985 ; 82 : 119 –23
20.
Ramsay
ID
. Muscle dysfunction in hyperthyroidism . Lancet
1966 ; ii : 931 –5
21.
Mahieu
P
,
Winand
R.
Demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity to retrobulbar and thyroid tissues in human exophthalmos . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1972 ; 34 : 1090 –2
22.
Munro
RE
,
Lamki
L
,
Row
VV
,
Volpé
R.
Cell-mediated immunity in the exophthalmos of Graves' disease as demonstrated by the migration inhibition factor (MIF) test . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1973 ; 37 : 286 –92
23.
Volpé
R
,
Row
VV
. Proportion of E rosettes normal in Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases: A retraction (letter) . N Engl J Med
1975 ; 293 : 44
24.
Mullin
BR
,
Levinson
RE
,
Friedman
A
,
Henson
DE
,
Winand
RJ
,
Kohn
LD
. Delayed hypersensitivity in Graves' disease and exophthalmos: Identification of thyroglobulin in normal human orbital muscle . Endocrinology
1977 ; 100 : 351 –66
25.
Kriss
JP
. Radioisotopic thyroidolymphography in patients with Graves' disease . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1970 ; 40 : 872 –5
26.
Konishi
J
,
Herman
MN
,
Kriss
JP
. Binding of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin – antithyroglobulin complex to extraocular muscle membrane . Endocrinology
1974 ; 95 : 434 –66
27.
Wall
JR
,
Trewin
A
,
Fang
SL
,
Ingbar
SH
,
Braverman
LE
. Studies of immunoreactivity to human lacrimal gland fractions in patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease , J Endocrinol Invest
1978 ; 1 : 253 –8
28.
Wall
JR
,
Strakosch
CR
,
Fang
SL
,
Ingbar
SH
,
Braverman
LE
. Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy: Effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide . Clin Endocrinol
1979 ; 10 : 79 –91
29.
Wall
JR
,
Walters
BAJ
,
Grant
C.
Leukocyte adherence inhibition in response to human orbital and lacrimal extracts in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Endocrinol Invest
1979 ; 2 : 375 –8
30.
Wall
JR
. Role of cellular mechanisms in the orbital autoimmunity of Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Endocrinol Invest
1986 ; 9 (Suppl 3 ): 71 (abstract)
31.
Blau
HM
,
Kaplan
I
,
Tao
TW
,
Kriss
JP
. Thyroglobulin-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of human eye muscle cells in tissue culture by lymphocytes of a patient with Graves' disease . Life Sci
1983 ; 32 : 45 –53
32.
Wang
PW
,
Hiromatsu
Y
,
Laryea
E
,
Wosu
L
,
How
J
,
Wall
JR
. Immunologically mediated cytotoxicity against human eye muscle cells in Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1986 : 63 :316 –22
33.
Hiromatsu
Y
,
Fukazawa
H
,
How
J
,
Wall
JR
. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity against human eye muscle cells and orbital fibroblasts in Graves' ophthalmopathy – roles of class IIMHC antigen expression and 7-interferon action on effector and target cells . Clin Exp Immunol
1987 ; 70 : 593 –603
34.
Henderson
J
,
Wall
JR
. Failure of haemagglutination and immunofluorescence methods to detect serum orbital antibodies in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy . Clin Endocrinol
1987 ; 14 : 153 –8
35.
Mengistu
M
,
Laryea
E
,
Miller
A
,
Wall
JR
. Clinical significance of a new autoantibody against a human eye muscle soluble antigen, detected by immunofluorescence . Clin Exp Immunol
1986 ; 65 : 19 –27
36.
Kodama
K
,
Sikorska
H
,
Bandy-Dafoe
P
,
Bayly
R
,
Wall
JR
. Demonstration of a circulating autoantibody against a soluble eye-muscle antigen in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Lancet
1982 ; ii : 1353 –6
37.
Kendall-Taylor
P
,
Atkinson
S
,
Holcombe
M.
A specific IgG in Graves' ophthalmopathy and its relation to retro-orbital and thyroid autoimmunity . Br Med J
1984 ; 288 : 1183 –6
38.
Atkinson
S
,
Holcombe
M
,
Kendall-Taylor
P.
Ophthalmopathic immunoglobulin in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy . Lancet
1984 ; ii : 374 –6
39.
Farnya
M
,
Nauman
J
,
Gardas
A.
Measurement of autoantibodies against human eye muscle plasma membranes in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Br Med J
1985 ; 290 : 191 –3
40.
Sikorska
H
,
Wall
JR
. Failure to detect eye muscle membrane specific autoantibodies in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Br Med J
1985 ; 291 : 604 (letter)
41.
Kadlubowski
M
,
Irvine
WJ
,
Rowland
AC
. The lack of specificity of ophthalmic immunoglobulins in Graves' disease . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1986 ; 63 : 990 –5
42.
Ahmann
A
,
Baker
JR
,
Weetman
AP
,
Wartofsky
L
,
Nutman
TB
,
Burman
KD
. Antibodies to porcine eye muscle in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy; identification of serum immunoglobulins directed against unique determinants by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1987 ; 64 : 454 –60
43.
Kadlubowski
M
,
Irvine
WJ
,
Rowland
AC
. Anti-muscle antibodies in Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Clin Lab Immunol
1987 ; 24 : 105 –11
44.
Rousset
B
,
Bernier-Valentin
F
,
Poncet
C
. Antitubulin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disorders . Clin Exp Immunol
1983 ; 52 : 3325 –32
45.
Kendall-Taylor
P
,
Jones
D
,
Atkinson
S.
The specificity of autoantibodies in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Acta Endocrinol
1987 ; Suppl 281 :330 –3
46.
Kodama
K
,
Sikorska
H
,
Bayly
R
,
Bandy-Dafoe
P
,
Wall
JR
. Use of monoclonal antibodies to investigate a possible role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1984 ; 59 : 67 –73
47.
Kuroki
T
,
Ruf
J
,
Whelan
L
,
Miller
A
,
Wall
JR
. Antithyroglobulin monoclonal and autoantibodies cross-react with an orbital connective tissue membrane antigen: A possible mechanism for the association of ophthalmopathy with autoimmune thyroid disorders . Clin Exp Immunol
1985 ; 62 : 361 –70
48.
Tao
TW
,
Cheng
PJ
,
Pham
H
,
Leu
SL
,
Kriss
JP
. Monoclonal antithyroglobulin antibodies derived from immunizations of mice with human eye muscle and thyroid membranes . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1986 ; 63 : 577 –82
49.
Schumacher
M
,
Camp
S
,
Manlet
Y
. Primary structure of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase deduced from its cDNA sequence . Nature
1986 ; 319 : 407 –9
50.
Ludgate
M
,
Swillens
S
,
Mercken
L
,
Vassart
G.
Homology between thyroglobulin and, acetylcholinesterase: An explanation for pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy . Lancet
1986 ; ii : 219 (letter)
51.
Ludgate
M
,
Owada
C
,
Pope
R
,
Taylor
P
,
Vassart
G.
Cross reactivity between antibodies to human thyrogobulin (HTg) and Torpedo acetylcholinesterase (TAChE) in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) . J Endocrinol Invest
1986 ; 9 : (suppl 3 ),89(abstract)
52.
Soreq
H
,
Dreyfus
P
,
Zisling
R
,
Zamir
R
,
Zakut
H
,
Ludgate
M.
Antibodies to cholinesterase in the serum of Graves' ophthalmopathy patients . Ann Endocrinol
1987 ; 48 : 131 (abstract)
53.
Weetman
AP
,
Tse
CK
,
Randall
WR
,
Tsim
KWK
,
Barnard
EA
. Acetylcholineasterase antibodies and thyroid autoimmunity . Clin Exp Immunol
1988 ; 71 : 96 –9
54.
Rotella
CM
,
Zonefrati
R
,
Toccafondi
R
,
Valente
WA
,
Kohn
LD
. Ability of monoclonal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor to increase collagen synthesis in human fibroblasts: An assay which appears to measure exophthalmogenic immunoglobulins in Graves' sera . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1986 ; 62 : 357 –67
55.
Bahn
RS
,
Gorman
CA
,
Woloschak
GE
,
David
CS
,
Johnson
PM
,
Johnson
CM
. Human retroocular fibroblasts in vitro : a model for the study of Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1987 ; 65 : 665 –70
56.
Farid
NR
,
Stone
E
,
Johnson
G.
Graves' disease and HLA: Clinical and epidemiologic associations . Clin Endocrinol
1980 ; 13 : 535 –44
57.
Schleusener
H
,
Schernthaner
G
,
Mayr
WR
. HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR5 associated thyrotoxicosis – two different types of toxic diffuse goitre . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1983 ; 56 : 781 –5
58.
Frecker
M
,
Stenszky
V
,
Bálázs
C
,
Kozma
L
,
Kraszits
E
,
Farid
NR
. Genetic factors in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Clin Endocrinol
1986 ; 25 : 479 –85
59.
Kendall-Taylor
P
,
Duggan-Keen
M
,
Stephenson
AM
,
Stratton
A
,
Roberts
D.
Genetic markers in Graves' ophthalmopathy . J Endocrinol
1987 ; 112 (supplement ): abstract 138
60.
Bech
K
,
Lumholtz
B
,
Nerup
J.
. HLA antigens in Graves' disease . Acta Endocrinol
1977 ; 86 : 510 –6
61.
Allanic
H
,
Fauchet
R
,
Lorcy
Y
. HLA and Graves' disease; an association with HLA-DRW3 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab
1980 ; 51 : 863 –7
62.
Weetman
AP
,
So
AK
,
Warner
CA
,
Foroni
L
,
Fells
P
,
Shine
B.
Immunogenetic markers in Graves' ophthalmopathy . Clin Endocrinol
1988 ; 28 : 619 –28
63.
Sridma
V
,
Hara
Y
,
Fauchet
R
,
De Groot
LJ
. HLA immunogenetic heterogeneity in black American patients with Graves' disease . Arch Intern Med
1987 ; 147 : 229 –31
64.
Sergott
RC
,
Felberg
NT
,
Savino
PJ
,
Blizzard
JT
,
Schatz
NJ
,
Sanford
CA
. Association of HLA antigen BW35 with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy . Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
1983 ; 24 : 124 –12
65.
Nakao
Y
,
Matsumoto
H
,
Miyazaki
T
. IgG heavy chain allotypes (Gm) in autoimmune diseases . Clin Exp Immunol
1980 ; 42 : 20 –6
66.
Adams
DD
,
Adams
YJ
,
Knight
JG
. On the nature of the genes influencing the prevalence of Graves' disease . Life Sci
1983 ; 32 : 3 –14
