The (Harry) Gold standard: angina,suggestion and the path to the ‘double-blind’ test and clinical pharmacology. Part 3: the double blind and the rise of ‘clinical pharmacology’

Gold H. Experiences in human pharmacology. In: DR Laurence (ed.) Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in London, on 24th and 25th March, 1958. London: Pergamon Press, 1959:40–54.

Gold H. Psychological Factors [Notes for a talk on “Planning Clinical Trials” for the 1959–1960 meeting of the American Statistical Association and the Biometric Society].” Box 7, ff 102, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1959.

Batterman RC. Appraisal of new drugs [Letter to the editor]. JAMA 1955; 158: 1547.

Ross BD. Appraisal of new drugs [Letter to the editor]. JAMA 1955; 159: 624.

Shapiro AK Shapiro E. The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Cobb LA Thomas GI Dillard DH Merendino KA Bruge RA. An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic. N Engl J Med 1959; 260: 1115–1118.

Cole JO Gerard RW (eds.) Psychopharmacology: Problems in Evaluation. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council, 1959.

Lasagna L Meier P. Experimental design and statistical problems. In: Waife SO Shapiro AP (eds.) The Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1959:37–60.

Laurence DR (ed.) Quantitative Methods in Human Pharmacology and Therapeutics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in London, on 24th and 25th March, 1958. London: Pergamon Press, 1959.

Hill AB (ed.) Controlled Clinical Trials: Papers Delivered at the Conference Convened by The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1960.

Mainland D. Some statistical problems in the planning and performance of clinical trials. In: Nodine JH Siegler PE (eds.) Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, Inc., 1964:27–35.

Johnson A. Textbooks and other publications on controlled clinical trials, 1948 to 1983. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation, 2019. See www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/textbooks-and-other-publications-on-controlled-clinical-trials-1948-to-1983 (last checked 17 June 2023).

Cartoon. Medical News: A Newspaper for Physicians, 28 January 1959, as also found in Box 17, ff 42, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1959.

Wilson JR. The Double Blind. New York: Doubleday, 1960.

Modell W Houde RW. Factors influencing clinical evaluation of drugs: with special reference to the double-blind technique. JAMA 1958; 167: 2190–2199.

Travell J to Herrick AD. 1 December 1959. Box 5, ff 2, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1959.

Gold H. Pharmacologic basis of cardiac therapy. JAMA 1946; 132: 547–554.

Gold H. Human Pharmacology [Talk before the Michigan State Medical Society, October 3, 1958]. Box 17, ff 42, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1958.

Gold H. Clinical Pharmacology of Cardiac Drugs: 23^rd Series of Friday Afternoon Lectures at the New York Academy of Medicine [March 25, 1949]. Box 7, ff 74, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1949.

Lasagna L. The role of a division of clinical pharmacology in a university environment. Postgrad Med 1961; 29: 525–528.

Gold H. “An Argument for a Journal Devoted to Clinical Pharmacology.” 19 December 1957. Box 3, ff 24, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell (inferred though unsigned), 1957.

Greiner T Gold H Ganz A Kwit NT Warshaw L Rao N , et al. “Case report” in human pharmacology: study of a series of pyrimidinedione diuretics, including aminometradine (mictine) and amisometradine (rolicton). JAMA 1959; 171: 290–295.

Modell W. Editorial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1960; 1: 1–2.

Modell W. Clinical pharmacology: a definition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1962; 3: 235–238.

Gold H. Clinical pharmacology – historical note. J Clin Pharmacol 1967; 7: 309–311.

Gold H. The American College of Clinical Pharmacology. J Clin Pharmacol 1971; 11: 321–322.

Ingenito AJ. American College of Clinical Pharmacology: 25 Year History, 1969–1994. See https://accp1.org/pdfs/documents/about/accphistory1969-1994.pdf (last checked 17 June 2023).

Podolsky SH. The Antibiotic Era: Reform, Resistance, and the Pursuit of a Rational Therapeutics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.

Gold H Greiner T Rinzler SH Kwit N Gluck J Bakst H , et al. “Memorandum on Plan for Testing the Adequacy of the Daily Report Card System in Detecting the Difference between a Potent Drug and an Inert Placebo in Angina Pectoris.” 2 August 1949. Box 14, ff 24, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1949.

Gold H to French CW. 13 July 1949. Box 14, ff 24, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1949.

Gold H to French CW. 16 August 1949. Box 14, ff 24, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1949.

Gold H Gluck J. “Memo on Pink Tablet Study.” 15 August 1949. Box 14, ff 24, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1949.

Tobbell DA. Pills, Power, and Policy: The Struggle for Drug Reform in Cold War America and its Consequences. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

Cornell Conferences on Therapy. Treatment of coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1946; 1: 291–300.

Gold H to Berman E. 22 October 1962. Box 4, ff 15, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1962.

Gold H to Berman E. 7 December 1962. Box 4, ff 15, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1962.

Gold H to Celebrezze A. 24 September 1962. Box 1, ff 56, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell (addressee as inferred from Larrick to Gold, 15 October 1962), 1962.

Larrick GP to Gold H. 15 October 1962. Box 1, ff 56, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1962.

Gabriel J. The testing of sanocrysin: science, profit, and innovation in clinical trial design, 1926–1931. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2014; 69: 604–632.

Hailman HF. The ‘blind placebo’ in the evaluation of drugs [Letter to the editor]. JAMA 1953; 151: 1430.

Rinzler SH Travell J Bakst H Benjamin ZH Rosenthal RL Rosenfeld S , et al. Effect of heparin in effort angina. Am J Med 1953; 14: 438–447.

McKeever WP to Gold H. 9 March 1954. Box 4, ff 11, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1954.

Tainter ML to Gold H. 22 June 1950. Box 17, ff 4, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1950.

Gold H to Tainter ML. 27 June 1950. Box 17, ff 4, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1950.

Greiner T. “Memo to Dr. Gold: Interview with Dr. Robert Tully, Smith, Kline, and French.” 15 January 1951. Box 17, ff 7, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1951.

National Drug Company. “Ammivin: Pure Khellin – A Potent Coronary Vasodilator.” Box 7, ff 7, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, undated, likely late 1950.

May C. Selling drugs by “educating” physicians. J Med Educ 1961; 36: 1–23.

Gold H to Winter IC. 29 July 1961. Box 4, ff 13, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1961.

Sismondo S. Key opinion leaders and the corruption of medical knowledge: what the sunshine act will and won’t cast light on. J Law Med Ethics 2013; 41: 635–643.

Gantt CL to Gold H. 1 February 1960. Box 4, ff 14, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1960.

Gold H to Gantt CL. 23 February 1960. Box 4, ff 14, Harry Gold Papers, Medical Center Archives of New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, 1960.

Greene JA Podolsky SH. Keeping modern in medicine: pharmaceutical promotion and physician education in postwar America. Bull Hist Med 2009; 83: 331–378.

Greiner T Bross I Gold H. A method for evaluation of laxative habits in human subjects. J Chronic Dis 1957; 6: 244–255.

Greene JA Podolsky SH. Reform, regulation, and pharmaceuticals – the Kefauver-Harris amendments at 50. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1481–1483.

Bothwell LE Greene JA Podolsky SH Jones DS. Assessing the gold standard: lessons from the history of RCTs. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 2175–2181.