The Use of Patients for Learning and Maintaining Practical Skills

General Medical Council. Maintaining Good Medical Practice. London: GMC, 1998

General Medical Council. Good Medical Practice, 3rd edn. London: GMC, 2001

Stringer K.R. , Bajenov S. , Yentis S.M. Training in airway management. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 967–83

Bray J.K. , Yentis S.M. Attitudes of patients and anaesthetists to informed consent for specialist airway techniques. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 1012–15

Jagsi R. , Lehmann L.S. The ethics of medical education. BMJ 2004; 329: 332–4

Berger J.T. , Rosner F. , Cassell E.J. Ethics of practising medical procedures on newly dead and nearly dead patients. J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17: 774–8

Singer P.A. Intimate examinations and other ethical challenges in medical education. BMJ 2003; 326: 62–3

Chikwe J. , de Souza A.C. , Pepper J.R. No time to train the surgeons. BMJ 2004; 328: 418–19

Sim D.J. , Wrigley S.R. , Harris S. Effects of the European Working Time Directive on anaesthetic training in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 781–4

Gillon R. ‘The patient's interests always come first'? Doctors and society. BMJ 1986; 292: 398–400

Gillon R. Ethics needs principles—four can encompass the rest—and respect for autonomy should be “first among equals”. J Med Ethics 2003; 29: 307–12

General Medical Council. Seeking Patients’ Consent: the Ethical Considerations. London: GMC, 1998

Department of Health. Reference Guide to Consent for Examination or Treatment. London: DoH, 2001

Department of Health. Building on the Best: Choice, Responsiveness and Equity in the NHS. London: Stationery Office, 2003

Jones M.A. Informed consent and other fairy stories. Med Law Rev 1999; 7: 103–34

Department of Health. Good Practice in Consent Implementation Guide: Consent for Examination or Treatment. London: DoH, 2001

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Information and Consent for Anaesthesia. London: AAGBI, 1999

Davis v Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 85

Royal College of Anaesthetists [www.rcoa.ac.uk/index.asp?PageID=142] Accessed 5 April 2005

UK Clinical Ethics Network [www.ethics-network.org.uk/what.htm] Accessed 5 April 2005

Dan-Cohen M. Conceptions of choice and conceptions of autonomy. Ethics 1992; 102: 221–43

General Medical Council. Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information. London: GMC, 2004

Department of Health [www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/06/63/84/04066384.pdf] Accessed 7 December 2004

Waterbury J.T. Refuting patients’ obligations to clinical training: a critical analysis of the arguments for an obligation of patients to participate in the clinical education of medical students. Med Ed 2001; 35: 286–94

Callahan C. Principlism and communitarianism. J Med Ethics 2003; 29: 287–91

Draper H. , Sorrell T. Patients’ responsibilities in medical ethics. Bioethics 2002; 16: 335–52

Department of Health. Your Guide to the NHS. London: DoH, 2001

Vinicky J.K. , Conners R.B. , Leader R. , Nash J.D. Patients as “subjects” or “objects” in residency education? J Clin Ethics 1991; 2: 25–41

Van Dam S. , Welie J.V.M. Requirement-driven dental education and the patient's right to informed consent. J Am Coll Dentists 2001; 68: 40–7