Taking the Sting out of Needles

Sado D.M. , Deakin C.D. Local anaesthesia for venous cannulation and arterial blood gas sampling: are doctors using it? J R Soc Med 2005; 98: 158–60

Yentis S.M. Use of intravenous cannulae by junior hospital doctors. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69: 389–91

Harrison N. , Langham B.T. , Bogod D.G. Appropriate use of local anaesthetic for venous cannulation. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 10–12

Harris T. , Cameron P.A. , Ugoni A. The use of pre-cannulation local anaesthetic and factors affecting pain perception in the emergency department setting. Emerg Med J 2001; 18: 175–7

Langham B.T. , Harrison D.A. Local anaesthetic: does it really reduce the pain of insertion of all sizes of venous cannula. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 890–1

Holdgate A. , Wong G. Does local anaesthetic affect the success rate of intravenous cannulation? Anaesth Intens Care 1999; 27: 257–9

Van den Berg A.A. , Prabhu N.V. Rationalizing venepuncture pain: comparison of lignocaine injection, Butterfly (21 gauge and 23 gauge) and Venflon (20 gauge). Anaesth Intens Care 1995; 23: 165–7

Speirs A.F. , Taylor K.H. , Joanes D.N. , Girdler N.M. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative study of topical skin analgesics and the anxiety and discomfort associated with venous cannulation. Br Dent J 2001; 19: 444–9

Selby I.R. , Bowles B.J. Analgesia for venous cannulation: a comparison of EMLA (5 minutes application), lignocaine, ethyl chloride, and nothing. J R Soc Med 1995; 88: 264–7

Nuttall G.A. , Barnett M.R. , Smith RL 2nd , Blue T.K. , Clark K.R. , Payton B.W. Establishing intravenous access: a study of local anesthetic efficacy. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 950–3

Biro P. , Meier T. , Cummins A.S. Comparison of topical anaesthesia methods for venous cannulation in adults. Eur J Pain 1997; 1: 37–42

Prien T. Intradermal anaesthesia: comparison of several compounds. Acta Anaesth Scand 1994; 38: 805–7

O'Connor P.J. , Caldicott L.D. Local anaesthesia and venous cannulation. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 1005

Paton R.H. Local anaesthesia and venous cannulation. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 1005–6

Serpell M.G. , Haldane G.J. , Jamieson D.R. , Carson D. Prevention of headache after lumbar puncture: questionnaire survey of neurologists and neurosurgeons in United Kingdom. BMJ 1998; 316: 1709–10

Usichenko T.I. , Pavlovic D. , Foellner S. , Wendt M. Reducing venipuncture pain by a cough trick: a randomized crossover volunteer study. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 343–5

Moppett I.K. , Szypula K. , Yeoman P.M. Comparison of EMLA and lidocaine iontophoresis for cannulation analgesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21: 210–13

Lysakowski C. , Dumont L. , Tramer M.R. , Tassonyi E. A needle-free jet-injection system with lidocaine for peripheral intravenous cannula insertion: a randomized controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 215–19

Martin A.J. pH-adjustment and discomfort caused by the intradermal injection of lignocaine. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 975–8