Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes care and research in Europe; the Saint Vincent Declaration. Diabet Med 1990; 7: 360

The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1978; 85: 82–106

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation treatment for diabetic retinopathy, ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 766–85

Klein R. , Klein B.E.K. , Moss S.E. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study; II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 520–6

Klein R. , Klein B.E.K. , Moss S.E. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study: III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is greater than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 527–33

Kohner E.N. , Aldington S.J. , Stratton I.M. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 30. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 297–303

Bachmann M.O. , Nelson S. Impact of diabetic retinopathy screening on a British district population: case detection and blindness prevention in an evidence based model. J Epidemiol Commun Health 1998; 52: 45–52

Rohan T.E. , Frost C.D. , Wald N.J. Prevention of blindness by screening for diabetic retinopathy: a quantitative assessment. BMJ 1989; 299: 1198–201

Agardh E. , Agardh C.D. , Hansson-Lundblad C. , Cavallin-Sjoberg U. The five year incidence of blindness after introducing a screening programme for early detection of treatable diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 555–9

Backlund L.B. , Algeve P.V. , Rosenqvist U. New blindness in diabetes reduced by more than one third in Stockholm county. Diabet Med 1997; 14: 732–40

Javitt J.C. , Canner J.K. , Frank R.G. Detecting and treating retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. A health policy model. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 483–95

Dasbach E.J. , Fryback D.G. , Newcomb P.A. Cost effectiveness of strategies for detecting diabetic retinopathy. Med Care 1991; 29: 20–39

Javitt J.C. , Aiello L.P. , Chiang Y. , Ferris F.L. , Canner J.K. , Greenfield S. Preventive eye care in people with diabetes is cost-saving to the federal government. Implications for health care reform. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 909–17

Savolainen E.A. , Lee Q.P. Diabetic retinopathy–need and demand for photocoagulation and its cost effectiveness: evaluation based on services in the United Kingdom. Diabetologica 1982; 23: 138–40

Vijan S. , Hofer T.P. , Hayward R.A. Cost-utility analysis of screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JAMA 200; 283: 889–96

Bagga P. , Verma D. , Walton E.A. Survey of diabetic retinopathy screening services in England and Wales. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 780–2

Taylor R. , Lovelock L. , Turnbridge W.M.G. Comparison of non-mydriatic retinal photography with ophthalmoscopy in 2159 patients: mobile retina camera study. BMJ 1990; 310: 1243–7

Harding S.P. , Broadbent D.M. , Neoh C. Sensitivity and specificity of photography and direct ophthalmoscopy in screening for sight threatening eye diseases: the Liverpool eye study. BMJ 1995; 311: 1131–5

Buxton M.J. , Sculpher M.J. , Ferguson B.A. Screening for treatable diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of different methods. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 371–7

Moss S.E. , Klein R. , Kessler S.D. Comparison between ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography in determining severity of retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1985; 92: 62–7

Hutchinson A. , McIntosh A. , Peters J. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 495–506

Prasda S. , Kamath G.G. , Jones K. Effectiveness of optometrist screening for diabetic retinopathy using slit lamp biomicroscopy. Eye 2001; 15: 595–601

Barrie T. , MacCuish A.C. Assessment of non-mydriatic fundus photography in detection of diabetic retinopathy. BMJ 1986; 293: 1304–5

Ryder R. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in the 21st century. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 721–2

Rudnisky C.J. , Hinz B.J. , Tennant M.T. High resolution stereoscopic digital fundus photography versus contact lens biomicroscopy for the detection of clinically significant macular edema. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 267–74

Fransen S.R. , Leonard-Martin T.C. , Feur W.J. Clinical evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy; accuracy of the Inoveon Diabetic retinopathy-3DT system. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 595–601

Freudenstein U. , Verne J. A national screening programme for diabetic retinopathy. BMJ 2001; 323: 4–5

Burns Cox C.J. , Dean Hart J.C. Screening for retinopathy by ophthalmic opticians. BMJ 1985; 290: 1052–4

Bhopal R.S. , Hedley A.J. Screening for retinopathy by ophthalmic opticians. BMJ 1985; 290: 1589

Kleinstein R.N. , Roseman J.M. , Herman W.H. Detection of diabetic retinopathy by optometrists. J Am Optometric Assoc 1987; 58: 879–82

Leese G.P. , Tesfaye S. , Dengler-Harles M. Screening for diabetic eye disease by optometrists using slit lamps. J R Coll Physns Lond 1997; 31: 65–9

Owens D.R. , Gibbins R.L. , Kohner E. Diabetic retinopathy screening. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 493–4

Broughton R. National screening programme for diabetic retinopathy: staff are all ready to do this job. BMJ 2001; 323: 999

O'Hare J.P. , Hopper A. , Madhaven C. Adding retinal photography to screening for diabetic retinopathy: a prospective study in primary care. BMJ 1996; 312: 679–82

Ryder R. , Close C.F. , Krentz A.J. A ‘fail safe’ screening programme for diabetic retinopathy. J R Coll Physns Lond 1998; 32: 134–7