HavenaarR., Ten BrinkB.Huis in ‘t Veld JHJ. In: FullerR., ed. Probiotics: the Scientific Basis.London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 209–24
2.
HolzapfelW.H., HabererP., SnelJ., SchillingerU., Huis in ‘t VeldJ.H.J.Overview of gut flora and probiotics.Int J Food Microbiol1998; 41: 85–101
3.
GorbachS.L.Lactic acid bacteria and human health.Ann Med1990; 22: 37–41
4.
CampieriM., GionchettiP.Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: new insights to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative.Gastroenterology1999; 116: 1246–9
5.
RusselM.G., StockbrüggerR.W.Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: an update.Scand J Gastroenterol1996; 31: 417–27
6.
ShivanandaS., Lennard-JonesJ., LoganR.Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European collaborative study on inflammatory bowel disease (EC-IBD).Gut1996; 39: 690–7
7.
LinskensR.K., HuijsdensX.W., SavelkoulP.H., Vandenbroucke-GraulsC.M., MeuwissenS.G.The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics.Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl2001; 234: 29–40
8.
RathH.C., HerfarthH.H., IkedaJ.S.Normal luminal bacteria, especially Bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human β2 microglobulin transgenic mice.J Clin Invest1996; 98: 945–53
9.
SellonR.K., TonkonogyS.I., GrableH.Development of spontaneous colitis in IL-10 knock-out mice requires normal enteric bacterial flora.Gastroenterology1997; 112: A1088
10.
SartorR.B.Enteric microflora in IBD: pathogens or commensal.Inflamm Bowel Dis1997; 3: 230–5
11.
MacDonaldT.T., MonteleoneG., PenderS.L.F.Recent developments in the immunology of inflammatory bowel disease.Scand J Immunol2000; 51: 2–9
12.
Van DeventerS.J.H.Immunologie in de medische praktijk. IV. Inflammatoire darmziekten; pathogenetische aanknopingspunten voor specifieke therapie.Ned T Geneesk1997; 141: 1956–9
13.
JanowitzH.D., CroenE.C., SacharD.B.The role of the faecal stream in Crohn's disease: an historical and analytical review.Inflamm Bowel Dis1998; 4: 29–39
14.
WellmannW., FinkP.C., BennerF., SchmidtF.W.Endotoxaemia in active Crohn's disease. Treatment with whole gut irrigation and 5-aminosalicylic acid.Gut1986; 27: 814–20
15.
RoedigerW.E.W., DuncanA., KapanirisO., MiljardS.Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis.Gastroenterology1993; 104: 802–9
16.
Ruseler-van EmbdenJ.G.H., Both-PatoirH.C.Anaerobic Gram-negative faecal flora in patients with Crohn's disease and healthy subjects.Ant Leeuwenhoek1983; 49: 125–32
17.
SwidsinskiA., LadhoffA., PernthalerA.Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterology2002; 122: 44–54
18.
GiafferM.H., HoldsworthC.D., DuerdenB.I.The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases by a simplified bacteriological technique.J Med Microbiol1991; 35: 238–43
19.
FavierC., NeutC., MizonC., CortotA., ColombelJ.F., MizonJ.Fecal beta-D-galactosidase production and Bifidobacteria are decreased in Crohn's disease.Dig Dis Sci1997; 42: 817–22
20.
SartorR.B.Review article: role of the enteric microflora in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and arthritis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther1997; 11(suppl 3): 13–23
MatsudaH., FujiyamaY., AndohA., UshijimaT., KajinamiT., BambaT.Characterization of antibody responses against rectal mucosa-associated bacterial flora in patients with ulcerative colitis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol2000; 15: 61–8
23.
FabiaR., Ar'rajabA., JohanssonM.L.The effect of exogenous administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on acetic-acid-induced colitis in the rat.Scand J Gastroenterol1993; 28: 155–62
24.
PitcherM.C., CummingsJ.H.Hydrogen sulphide: a bacterial toxin in ulcerative colitis?Gut1996; 39: 1–4
25.
MaddenM.V., FarthingM.J.G., NichollsR.J.Inflammation in ideal reservoirs: pouchitis.Gut1990; 31: 247–9
26.
Ruseler-van EmbdenJ.G.H., SchoutenW.R., Lieshout vanL.M.C.Pouchitis: result of microbial imbalance.Gut1994; 35: 658–64
27.
SalemansJ.M.J.I., NagengastF.M.Clinical and physiological aspects of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.Scand J Gastroenterol1995; 30: (suppl 212): 3–12
28.
LuukkonenP., ValtonenV., SivonenA., SipponenP., JarvinenH.Fecal bacteriology and reservoir ileitis in patients operated on for ulcerative colitis.Dis Colon Rectum1988; 31: 864–7
29.
SchultzM., VeltkampC., DielemanL.A.Lactobacillus plantarum 299v in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10 deficient mice.Inflamm Bowel Dis2002; 8: 71–80
30.
MaoY., NobaekS., KasraviB.The effects of Lactobacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats.Gastroenterology1996; 111: 334–44
31.
KennedyR.J., HoperM., DeodharK., KirkS.J., GardinerK.R.Probiotic therapy fails to improve gut permeability in a hapten model of colitis.Scand J Gastroenterol2000; 35: 1266–71
32.
MadsenK.L., DoyleJ.S., JewellL.D., TaveriniM.M., FedorakR.N.Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice.Gastroenterology1999; 116: 1107–14
33.
O'MahonyL., FeeneyM., O'HalloranS.Probiotic impact on microbial flora, inflammation and tumour development in IL10 knockout mice.Aliment Pharmacol Ther2001; 15: 1219–25
34.
MadsenK.L.Inflammatory bowel disease: lessons from the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse.Clin Invest Med2001; 24: 250–7
35.
MalinM., SuolalainenH., SaxelinM., IsolauriE.Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG.Ann Nutr Metab1996; 40: 137–45
36.
GuptaP., AndrewH., KirshnerB.S.Is Lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? Results of a preliminary open-label study.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2000; 31: 453–7
37.
GuslandiM.Maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease: role of probiotic agent.Gut1999; 45(suppl V): A38
38.
GuslandiM., MezziG., SorghiM., TestoniP.A.Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease.Dig Dis Sci2000; 45: 1462–4
MalchowH.A.Crohn's disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn's disease.J Clin Gastroenterol1997; 25: 653–8
41.
PranteraC., ScribanoM.L., FalascoG., AndreoliA., LuziC.Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG.Gut2002; 51: 405–9
42.
BennetJ.D., BrinkmanM.Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora.Lancet1989; i: 164
43.
KruisW., SchutzE., FricP., FixB., JudmaierG., StolteM.Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther1997; 11: 853–8
44.
KruisW., FricP., StolteM.Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis is equally effective with Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and with standard mesalamine.Gastroenterology2001; 120(suppl 1): A127
45.
RembackenB.J., SnellingA.M., HawkeyP.M., ChalmersD.M., AxonA.T.Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial.Lancet1999; 354: 635–9
46.
KordeckiH.J., NiedzielinK.May the enrichment of colon microflora with Lactobacillus plantarum improve the results of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and/or ulcerative colitis?Gut2001; 49(suppl III): 2880
47.
VenturiA., GionchettiP., RizzeloF.Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther1999; 13: 1103–8
48.
GionchettiP., RizzelloF., VenturiA.Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.Gastroenterology2000; 119: 305–9