Antiphospholipid Syndrome

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Levine SR. Antiphospholipid syndromes and the nervous system: clinical features, mechanisms and treatment. Semin Neurol 1994; 14: 168–76

Lockshin M.D. , Druzin M.L. , Goei S. Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 152–6

Arnout J. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: a hypothesis based on parallelisms with heparin-induced thrombo-cytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1996; 75: 536–41

Vianna J.L. , Khamashta M.A. , Ordi-Ros J. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid sydrome: a European multicenter study of 114 patients. Am J Med 1994; 96: 3–9

Hinse P. , Schulz A. , Haag F. , Carvajal-Lizano M. , Thie A. Anticardiolipin antibodies in oculocerebral ischaemia and migraine: prevalence and prognostic value. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3: 168–73

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Asherson R.A. , Cervera R. , Piette J.C. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77: 195–207

Brandt J.T. , Triplett D.A. , Alving B. , Scharrer I. Criteria for the diagnosis of the lupus anticoagulants: an update. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the ISTH. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 1185–90

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Lechner K. , Pabinger-Fashing IP. Lupus anticoagulants and thrombosis. A study of 25 cases and review of the literature. Haemostasis 1985; 15: 252–62

Saxena R. , Saraya A.K. , Kotte VK. Evaluation of four coagulation tests to detect plasma lupus anticoagulants. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 96: 755–8

Triplett DA. Coagulation assays for the lupus anticoagulant: review and critique of current methodology. Stroke 1992; 23(suppl I): I-11–I-14

Harris E.N. , Gharavi A.E. , Boey M.L. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis. Lancet 1983; ii: 1211–14

Horbach D.A. , Oort E.V. , Donders RCJM , Derksen RHWM , de Groot PG. Lupus anticoagulant is the strongest risk factor for both venous and arterial thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison between different assays for the detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76: 916–24

Triplett D.A. , Brandt JT. The relationship between lupus anticoagulants and antibodies to phospholipid. JAMA 1988; 259: 550–4

Vila P. , Hernandez M.C. , Lopez-Fernandez MF. Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemostas 1994; 72: 209–13

McNeil H.P. , Simpson R.J. , Chesterman C.N. , Krilis SA. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: β2 glycoprotein I (apolipo-protein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4120–4

Galli M. , Comfurius P. , Maassen C. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet 1990; 335: 1544–7

McNally T. , Purdy G. , Mackie I.J. , Machin S.J. , Isenberg DA. The use of an anti β2-glycoprotein I assay for discrimination between anticardiolipin antibodies associated with infection and increased risk for thrombosis. Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 471–3

Greaves M. Antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombosis. Lancet 1999; 353: 1348–53

Ichikawa K. , Khamashta M.A. , Koike T. , Matsuura E. , Hughes GRV. β2-glycoprotein I reactivity of monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1453–61

Roubey R.A.S. , Eisenberg R.A. , Harper M.F. , Winfield JB. “Anticardiolipin” autoantibodies recognize beta2-glycoprotein I in the absence of phospholipid: importance of antigen density and bivalent binding. J Immunol 1995; 154: 954–60

Sammaritano L.R. , Ng S. , Sobel R. Anticardiolipin IgG subclasses: associations of IgG2 with arterial and/or venous thrombosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1998–2006

Levy R.A. , Gharavi A.E. , Samaritano L.R. , Habina L. , Qamar T. , Lockshin MD. Characteristics of IgG antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and syphilis. J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 1036–41

Levine S.R. , Salowich-Palm L. , Sawaya K.L. IgG anticardiolipin antibody titer 440 GPL and the risk of subsequent thrombo-occlusive events and death: a prospective cohort study. Stroke 1997; 28: 1660–5

Finazzi G. , Brancaccio V. , Moia M. Natural history and risk factors for thrombosis in 360 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: a 4-year prospective study from the Italian registry. Am J Med 1996; 100: 530–6

Tanne D. , Triplett D.A. , Levine SR. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies and ischemic stroke. Not just cardiolipin any more. Stroke 1998; 29: 1755–8

Galli M. Should we include anti-prothrombin antibodies in the screening for antiphospholipid syndrome? J Autoimmun 2000; 15: 101–5

Wilson W.A. , Gharavi A.E. , Koike T. , Lockshin M.D. , Branch D.W. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1309–11

Oosting J.D. , Derksen RHWM , Bobbink I.W.G. , Hackeng T.M. , Bouma B.N. , De Groot PG. Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood 1993; 81: 2618–25

Toschi V. , Motta A. , Castelli C. , Paracchini M.L. , Zerbi D. , Gibelli A. High prevalence of antiphosphatidylinositol antibodies in young patients with cerebral ischaemia of undetermined cause. Stroke 1998; 29: 1759–64

Branch D.W. , Silver R.M. , Pierangelli S.S. Antiphospholipid antibodies other than lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, fertile controls, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 549–55

Takeuchi R. , Yasuda S. , Atsumi T. , Ieko M. , Takeya H. , Horita T. Coagulation and fibrinolytic characteristics in a β2-glycoprotein I deficiency. Lupus 1998; 7: S191

Sheng Y. , Herzog H. , Krilis SA. Generation of β2-glycoprotein I gene targeting construct for disruption of the β2-GPI gene. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: S135

Simantov R. , LaSala J.M. , Lo S.K. Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2211–19

Puurunen M. , Manttari M. , Manninen V. Antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein predicting myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2605–9

Salonen J.T. , Yla-Hertutuala S. , Yamamoto R. Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 883–7

Rand J.H. , Wu X. Antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin-V antithrombotic shield: a new mechanism for thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 649–55

Hanly J.G. , Smith SA. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I (GPI) autoantibodies, annexin V binding and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120: 537–43

Rauch J. , Subang R. , D'Agnillo P. , Koh J.S. , Levine JS. Apoptosis and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2000; 15: 231–5

Lockshin MD. Pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Hemostat 1999; 82: 641–8

Branch D.W. , Silver R.M. , Blackwell J.L. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: an update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 614–20

Rai R. Obstetric management of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2000; 15: 203–7

Salafia C.M. , Parke AL. Placental pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus and phospholipid antibody syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 1997; 23: 85–97

Peaceman A.M. , Rehnberg KA. The effect of immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with lupus anticoagulant on placental prostacyclin and thromboxane production. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1403–6

The Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study (APASS) Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies are an independent risk factor for first ischemic stroke. Neurology 1993; 43: 2069–73

The Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Stroke Study Group (APASS). Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk of recurrent thrombo-occlusive events and death. Neurology 1997; 48: 91–4

Brey R.L. , Hart R.G. , Sherman D.G. , Tegeler CH. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people. Neurology 1990; 40: 1190–6

Verro P. , Levine S.R. , Tietjen GE. Cerebrovascular ischemic events with high positive anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1998; 29: 2245–53

Khamashta M.A. , Cuadrado M.J. , Mujic F. , Taub N. , Hunt B.J. , Hughes GRV. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 993–7

Palaretti G. , Leali N. , Coccheri S. Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaboration study (ISCOAT). Lancet 1996; 348: 423–8

Rai R. , Cohen H. , Dave M. , Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin plus aspirin and heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphos-pholipid antibodies). BMJ 1997; 314: 253–7

Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1584–9

Laskin C.A. , Bombardier C. , Hannah ME. Prednisone and aspirin in women and autoantibodies and unexplained recurrent fetal loss. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 148–53

Boumpas D.T. , Barez S. , Klippel J.G. , Balow JE. Intermittent cyclophosphamide for the treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 674–7

Flamholz R. , Tran T. , Grad G.I. Therapeutic plasma exchange for the acute management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: beta (2)-glycoprotein I antibodies as a marker of response to therapy. J Clin Apheresis 1999; 14: 171–6

Sherer Y. , Levy Y. , Schoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 421–6

Branch D.W. , Peaceman A.M. , Druzin M. A multicenter placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 122–7

Daya S. , Gunby J. , Porter F. , Scott J. , Clark DA. Critical analysis of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update 1999; 5: 475–82