GrundySM, PasternakR, GreenlandP, SmithSJrFusterV.AHA/ACC scientific statement. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol1999; 34: 1348–59
2.
van den HoogenPC, FeskensEJ, NagelkerkeNJ, MenottiA, NissinenA, KromhoutD.The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group. N Engl J Med2000; 342: 1–8
3.
AnandSS, YusufS, VuksanVDifferences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE). Lancet2000; 356: 279–84
4.
ScottJM, WeirDG.Folic acid, homocysteine and one-carbon metabolism: a review of the essential biochemistry. J Cardiovasc Risk1998; 5: 223–7
5.
UelandPM.Homocysteine species as components of plasma redox thiol status. Clin Chem1995; 41: 340–2
6.
FiskerstrandT, RefsumH, KvalheimG, UelandPM.Homocysteine and other thiols in plasma and urine: automated determination and sample stability. Clin Chem1993; 39: 263–71
7.
PfeifferCM, TwiteD, ShihJ, HoletsMSr, GunterEW.Method comparison for total plasma homocysteine between the Abott IMx analyzer and an HPLC assay with internal standardization. Clin Chem1999; 45: 152–3
8.
MayerEL, JacobsenDW, RobinsonK.Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol1996; 27: 517–27
9.
FrosstP, BlomHJ, MilosRA candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet1995; 10: 111–13
10.
BrattstromL, WilckenDE, OhrvikJ, BrudinL.Common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation leads to hyperhomocysteinemia but not to vascular disease: the result of a meta-analysis. Circulation1998; 98: 2520–6
11.
GuttormsenAB, SchneedeJ, FiskerstrandT, UelandPM, RefsumHM.Plasma concentrations of homocysteine and other aminothiol compounds are related to food intake in healthy human subjects. J Nutr1994; 124: 1934–41
12.
SelhubJ, JacquesPF, WilsonPW, RushD, RosenbergIH.Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA1993; 270: 2693–8
13.
GuptaA, MoustaphaA, JacobsenDWHigh homocysteine, low folate, and low vitamin B6 concentrations: prevalent risk factors for vascular disease in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation1998; 65: 544–50
14.
BostomAG, GohhRY, TsaiMYExcess prevalence of fasting and postmethionine-loading hyperhomocysteinemia in stable renal transplant recipients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1997; 17: 1894–900
15.
McCullyKS.Vascular pathology of homocyst(e)inemia: implications for the development of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol1969; 56: 111–28
16.
MuddSH, SkovbyF, LevyHL, PettigrewKR, WilckenB, PyeritzR.The natural history of homocystinuria due to cystathionine b-synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet1985; 37: 1–31
17.
WilckenDE, WilckenB.The natural history of vascular disease in homocystinuria and the effects of treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis1997; 20: 295–300
18.
BousheyCJ, BeresfordSA, OmennGS, MotulskyAG.A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA1995; 274: 1049–57
19.
DaneshJ, LewingtonS.Plasma homocysteine and coronary heart disease: systematic review of published epidemiological studies. J Cardiovasc Risk1998; 5: 229–32
20.
GrahamIM, DalyLE, RefsumHMPlasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA1997; 277: 1775–81
21.
NygardO, NordrehaugJE, RefsumH, UelandPM, FarstadM, VollsetSE.Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med1997; 337: 230–6
ChambersJC, ObeidOA, RefsumHPlasma homocysteine concentrations and risk of coronary heart disease in UK Indian Asian and European men. Lancet2000; 355: 523–7
24.
ChambersJC, IrelandH, ThompsonEThe methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase 677 C → T mutation, and coronary heart disease risk in UK Indian Asians. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (in press)
25.
UbbinkJB, DelportR, VermaakWJ.Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a population with a low coronary heart disease prevalence. J Nutr1996; 126: 1254S–7S
26.
DudmanNP.An alternative view of homocysteine. Lancet1999; 354: 2072–4
27.
ChambersJC, McGregorA, Jean MarieJ, KoonerJS.Acute hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction. Lancet1997; 351: 36–7
28.
ChambersJC, McGregorA, Jean MarieJ, ObeidOA, KoonerJS.Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. Circulation1999; 99: 1156–60
29.
ChambersJC, ObeidOA, KoonerJS.Physiological increments in plasma homocysteine induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in normal human subjects. Artenosclet Thromb Vasc Biol1999; 19: 2922–7
30.
BellamyMF, McDowellIF, RamseyMWHyperhomocysteinemia after an oral methionine load acutely impairs endothelial function in healthy adults. Circulation1998; 98: 1848–52
31.
KananiPM, SinkeyCA, BrowningRL, AllamanM, KnappHR, HaynesWG.Role of oxidant stress in endothelial dysfunction produced by experimental hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. Circulation1999; 100: 1161–8
32.
StamlerJS, OsborneJA, JarakiOAdverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen. J Clin Invest1993; 91: 308–18
33.
BlundellG, JonesBG, RoseFA, TudballN.Homocysteine mediated endothelial cell toxicity and its amelioration. Atherosclerosis1996; 122: 163–72
34.
DudmanNP, TempleSE, GuoXW, FuW, PerryMA.Homocysteine enhances neutrophil-endothelial interactions in both cultured human cells and rats in vivo. Circ Res1999; 84: 409–16
35.
LoscalzoJ.The oxidant stress of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. J Clin Invest1996; 98: 5–7
36.
KojdaG, HarrisonD.Interactions between NO and reactive oxygen species: pathophysiological importance in atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res1999; 43: 562–71
37.
VenturaP, PaniniR, VerlatoC, ScarpettaG, SalvioliG.Peroxidation indices and total antioxidant capacity in plasma during hyperhomocysteinemia induced by methionine oral loading. Metabolism2000; 49: 225–8
38.
VoutilainenS, MorrowJD, RobertsLJEnhanced in vivo lipid peroxidation at elevated plasma total homocysteine levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1999; 19: 1263–6
39.
JakubowskiH, ZhangL, BardeguezA, AvivA.Homocysteine thiolactone and protein homocysteinylation in human endothelial cells: implications for atherosclerosis. Circ Res2000; 87: 45–51
40.
JakubowskiH.Protein homocysteinylation: possible mechanism underlying pathological consequences of elevated homocysteine levels. FASEB J1999; 13: 2277–83
41.
Homocysteine Lowering Trialists’ Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ1998; 316: 894–8
42.
ClarkeR, CollinsR.Can dietary supplements with folic acid or vitamin B6 reduce cardiovascular risk? Design of clinical trials to test the homocysteine hypothesis of vascular disease. J Cardiovasc Risk1998; 5: 249–55
43.
WooKS, ChookP, LolinYI, SandersonJE, MetreweliC, CelermajerDS.Folic acid improves arterial endothelial function in adults with hyperhomocystinemia. J Am Coll Cardiol1999; 34: 2002–6
44.
BellamyMF, McDowellIF, RamseyMW, BrownleeM, NewcombeRG, LewisMJ.Oral folate enhances endothelial function in hyperhomocysteinaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Invest1999; 29: 659–62
45.
van denBM, BoersGH, FrankenDGHyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction in young patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Clin Invest1995; 25: 176–81
46.
ChambersJC, UelandPM, ObeidOA, WrigleyJ, RefsumH, KoonerJS.Improved vascular endothelial function after oral B vitamins; an effect mediated through reduced concentrations of free plasma homocysteine. Circulation (in press)
47.
VermeulenEG, StehouwerCD, TwiskJWEffect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2000; 355: 517–22
48.
NappoF, De RosaN, MarfellaRImpairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins. JAMA1999; 281: 2113–18
49.
LentzSR, SobeyCG, PiegorsDJVascular dysfunction in monkeys with diet-induced hyperhomocyst(e)inemiaJ Clin Invest1996; 98: 24–9