Emergency management of meningitis

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Attia J , Hatala R , Cook DJ , Wong JG. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? JAMA 1999; 282: 175–81

Carpenter RR , Petersdorf G. The clinical spectrum of bacterial meningitis. Am J Med 1962; 33: 262–75

Durand ML , Calderwood SB , Weber DJ Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 21–8

Hargreaves RM , Slack MP , Howard AJ , Anderson E , Ramsay ME. Changing patterns of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England and Wales after introduction of the Hib vaccination programme. BMJ 1996; 312: 160–1

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Tauber MG. To tap or not to tap? Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 289–91

Baraff LJ , Lee SI , Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 389–94

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Gray SJ , Sobanski MA , Kaczmarski EB , Guiver M , Marsh WJ , Borrow R , Barnes RA , Coakley WT. Ultrasound-enhanced latex immunoagglutination and PCR as complementary methods for non-culture-based confirmation of meningococcal disease. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1797–801

Borrow R , Claus H , Guiver M Non-culture diagnosis and serogroup determination of meningococcal B and C infection by a sialytransferase (siaD) PCR ELISA. Epidemiol Inf 1997; 118: 111–17

Cooper JR . Routine use of CT prior to lumbar puncture. Br J Radiol 1999; 72: 319

Minns RA , Engleman HM , Stirling H. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in pyogenic meningitis. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 814–20

Heyderman RS , Robb SA , Kendall BE , Levin M. Does computed tomography have a role in the evaluation of complicated acute bacterial meningitis in childhood? Dev Med Child Neurol 1992; 34: 870–5

Klein NJ , Heyderman RS , Levin M. Antibiotic choices for meningitis beyond the neonatal period. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 157–61

Lutsar I , McCracken GH Jr. , Friedland IR. Antibiotic pharmacodynamics in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 1117–27

Berron S , Vazquez JA. Increase in moderate penicillin resistance and serogroup C in meningococcal strains isolated in Spain. Is there any relationship? Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 161–5

Galimand M , Gerbaud G , Guibourdenche M , Riou JY , Courvalin P. High-level chloramphenicol resistance in Neisseria meningitidis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 868–74

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Bradley JS , Scheld WM. The challenge of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: current antibiotic therapy in the 1990s. Clin Inf Dis 1997; 24: S213–21

Tauber MG , Moser B. Cytokines and chemokines in meningeal inflammation: biology and clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 1–11

The Meningitis Working Party of the British Paediatric Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Group. Should we use dexamethasone in meningitis? Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 1398–414

American Academy of Pediatrics. Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Pediatrics 1990; 86: 130–3

McIntyre PB , Berkey CS , King SM Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. JAMA 1997; 278: 925–31

Girgis NI , Farid Z , Mikhail IA , Farrag I , Sultan Y , Kilpatrick M. Dexamethasone treatment for bacterial meningitis in children and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8: 848–51

Thomas R , Le Tulzo Y , Bouget J Trial of dexamethasone treatment for severe bacterial meningitis in adults. Adult Meningitis Steroid Group. Intense Care Med 1999; 25: 475–80

Cabellos C , Martinez Lacasa J , Martos A Influence of dexamethasone on efficacy of ceftriaxone and vancomycin therapy in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 1995; 39: 2158–60

Gary N , Powers N , Todd JK. Clinical identification and comparative prognosis of high-risk patients with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 307–11

Duke T. Fluid management of bacterial meningitis in developing countries. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79: 181–5

Tauber MG , Sande E , Fournier MA , Tureen JH , Sande MA. Fluid administration, brain edema, and cerebrospinal fluid lactate and glucose concentrations in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 473–6

Powell KR , Sugarman LI , Eskenazi AE Normalization of plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations when children with meningitis are given maintenance plus replacement fluid therapy. J Pediatr 1990; 117: 515–22