The 1980s witnessed increasing regional interdependence in Asia through trade and investment. Increasing flows of labor within the region, however, raise questions about three important issues: (1)the assumption that trade, investment and aid will eventually mitigate migration pressure in source countries and the effectiveness of migration policies based on that assumption; (2)whether increasing regional interdependence stimulates or deters migration; (3)the effect of rising interdependence on the political and international relations aspects of migration. As a partial attempt to address these questions, this article examines the regional pattern of economic interdependence by utilizing information concerning trade, investment and migration flows. The concept of interdependence/dependence is discussed within a political context, focusing on migration and policy responses to it. Observations are made on the implications for regional stability and development.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdlerStephen1977International Migration and Dependence. Hampshire: Gower.
2.
Asian Development Bank1994Asian Development Outlook 1994. Manila.
3.
BhagwatiJagdish1987“Services.” In The Uruguay Round: A Handbook for the Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Edited by FingerJ. MichaelOlechowskiAndrezej. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
4.
HirschS.1992“The Future of Immigration Incorporation: Which Models? Which Concepts?,”International Migration Review, 26(2):623–645.
5.
HirschS.1967Location of Industry and International Competitiveness. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6.
International Labor Office1991Yearbook of Labor Statistics. Geneva.
7.
International Monetary Fund1993aDirection of Trade Statistics Yearbook. Washington, DC: IMF.
8.
International Monetary Fund1993bBalance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 1993. Washington, DC: IMF.
9.
International Monetary Fund1986Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook. Washington, DC: JMIE.
10.
ItoShoichiIguchiYasushi1993“Japanese Direct Investment and Its Impact on Migration in the ASEAN 4,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 3(2–3):265–294.
11.
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)1992Japan's Direct Foreign Investment in Key Countries and Regions. Tokyo: JETRO.
12.
Japan, Ministry of Justice1990Annual Statistics of Emigration and Immigration.
13.
Japan, Ministry of Justice1989Annual Statistics of Emigration and Immigration.
14.
Japan, Ministry of Justice1988Annual Statistics of Emigration and Immigration.
15.
JonesR. W.1967“International Capital Movements and the Theory of Tariffs and Trade,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, 81:1–38.
16.
Kaosa-ArdM. S.1992“Hiring and Localization Policies of Transnational Corporations in Thailand,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 1(3–4):683–699.
17.
KempM. C.1966“The Gain from International Trade and Investment: A Neo-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach,”American Economic Review, 56:788–809.
18.
KeohaneRobert O.NyeJoseph1991“Interdependence in World Politics.” In The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy. Edited by CraneGeorge T.AmawiAbla. New York: Oxford University Press.
19.
KimWon Bae1994a“A Porous Border: Sino-Russian Relations and Chinese Workers in the Russian Far East”, Asian Survey, December.
20.
KimWon Bae1994b“Managing Labor Migration in Northeast Asia.” Northeast Asia Study Report No. 1, Northeast Asia Economic Forum, Honolulu.
21.
LindquistBruce A.1993“Migration Networks: A Case Study in the Philippines,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 2(1):75–104.
22.
McDonaldHamish1994“A Buyer's Market,”Far Eastern Economic Review, September 29:68.
23.
MitchellChristopher1989“International Migration, International Relations and Foreign Policy,”International Migration Review, 23(3):681–708.
24.
NayyarDeepak1994“International Labor Movements, Trade Flows and Migration Transitions: A Theoretical Perspective,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 3(1):31–47.
25.
NayyarDeepak1988“The Political Economy of International Trade in Services,”Cambridge Journal of Economics, 12:279–298.
26.
PangEng Fong1993Regionalization and Labor Flows in Pacific Asia. Paris: Development Center of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
27.
PapademetriouD.1988“International Migration in a Changing World.” In International Migration Today, Volume 2: Emerging Issues. Edited by StahlC., Paris: UNESCO and Perth: Center for Migration and Development Studies, University of Western Australia.
28.
Population Reference Bureau1992World Population Data Sheet. Washington, D.C.
29.
PosnerM. V.1961“International Trade and Technical Change,”Oxford Economic Papers, 13:323–341.
30.
PurvisD. D.1972“Technology, Trade, and Factor Mobility,”Economic Journal, 82: 991–999.
31.
SamuelsonP. A.1948“International Trade and the Equalization of Factor Prices,”Economic Journal, 58:163–184.
32.
SkeldonRonald1992“On Mobility and Fertility Transitions in East and Southeast Asia,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 1:220–249.
33.
StahlC.1993Global Population Movements and Their Implication for Australia. Melbourne: Bureau of Immigration and Population Research.
34.
SugimotoTakashi1991“China's Population Growth and its Consequences for Regional Stability.” Paper presented at the NPCSD workshop on Non-conventional Security in the North Pacific Region, December 11–12, 1991, Honolulu.
35.
United Nations1992World Investment Directory 1992: Asia and the Pacific. New York.
36.
VasquezN. D.1991“Labor Migration from the Philippines: Economic and Social Benefits and Costs.” Paper presented at the conference on International Manpower Flows and Foreign Investment in Asia, September 9–12, 1991 in Tokyo, Japan.
37.
VasuprasatP.1994“Turning Points in International Labor Migration: A Case Study of Thailand,”Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 3(1):175–202.
38.
VernonR.1966“International Trade and International Investment in the Product Cycle,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80:190–207.
39.
WagnerR. H.1988“Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence,”International Organization, 42:461–483.
40.
WeinerMyron1985“On International Migration and International Relations,”Population and Development Review, 11:441–455.
41.
World Bank1994World Development Report 1994. London: Oxford University Press.
42.
World Bank1993World Development Report 1992. London: Oxford University Press.
43.
YamanakaKeiko. 1993“New Immigration Policy and Unskilled Foreign Workers in Japan,”Pacific Affairs, 66:72–90.
44.
ZolbergAristide R.1992“Labor Migration and International Economic Regimes: Bretton Woods and After.” In International Migration Systems. Edited by KritzMary M.LimLin LeanZlotnikHania. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
