Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs, foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbelllaM.I.1990a‘The Sex Selectivity of Migration Regulations Governing International Migration in South and South-East Asia:’ Paper presented at the UN Expert Group Meeting on International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, San Miniato, Italy, March 27–30.
2.
AbelllaM.I.1990b“Structural Change and Labour Migration within the Asian Region.” Paper presented at the UN Centre for Regional Development Conference on Cross-National Labour Migration in the Asian Region: Implications for Local and Regional Development, Nagoya, Japan, November 5–8.
3.
AbellaM.I.AtalY., eds. 1986Middle East Interlude: Asian Workers Abroad. Bangkok: UNESCO.
4.
AlppleyardR.T.1988“International Migration in Asia and the Pacific.” In International Migration Today. Volume L Trends and Prospects. Edited by AppleyardR.T., Paris: UNESCO.
5.
AppleyardR.T., ed. 1989The Impact of International Migration on Developing Countries. Paris: OECD.
6.
ArnoldF.ShahN.M., eds. 1986Asian Labor Migration: Pipeline to the Middle East. Boulder: Westview.
7.
Asian and Pacific Development Center1989The Trade in Domestic Helpers: Causes, Mechanisms and Consequences. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Center.
8.
BallR.E.1990The Process of International Contract Labour Migration from the Philippines: The Case of Filipino Nurses. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sydney.
9.
BernardW.S.1982“A History of U.S. Immigration Policy.” In Immigration. Edited by EasterlinR.A.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
10.
CariñoB.V.1990The New Filipino lmmigrants to the United States: Increasing Diversity and Change Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 115. Honolulu: East-West Population Institute.
11.
ChanKwok Bun1990“Getting Through Suffering: Indochinese Refugees in Limbo 15 Years Later,”Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 18:2.
12.
ChanKwok Bun, ed. 1990“Indochinese Refugees: 15 Years Later,”Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 18 (special issue).
13.
ChenYintaoLiqiongLiao1989“International Emigration from Guangdong after the Implementation of Economic Reform and Opening to the Outside World: Its Characteristics and Trends:” Paper presented at the International Academic Conference on Population Migration and Urbanization in China, Beijing, December 6–8.
14.
CheungP.P.L.1991“Social and Economic Implications of Singapore's Immigration and Emigration Patterns.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
15.
ConnellJ.WangJ.1991“DistantVictims? The Impac to the Gulf War on International Migration to the Middle East from Asia.” In Gulf War and Environmental Problems. Edited by RamachandranK.S., New Delhi.
16.
CremerG.1988“Deployment of Indonesian Migrants in the Middle East: Present Situation and Prospects,”Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 24:73–86.
17.
DalglishC.1989Refugees from Vietnam. London: Macmillan.
18.
DanielsR.1988Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
19.
DemeryL.1986“Asian Labor Migration: An Empirical Assessment.” In Asian labor Migration: Pipeline to the Middle East. Edited by ArnoldF.BoulderN.M. Shah. Westview.
20.
DSE1987International Labour Migration in the Philippines and South East Asia. Manila: German Foundation for International Development (DSE).
21.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific1986Returning Migrant Workers: Exploratory Studies. Asian Population Studies Series, No. 79. Bangkok: ESCAP.
22.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific1985Report of the Policy Workshop on International Migration in Asia and the Pacific. NewYork: United Nations.
23.
FawcettJ.T.CariñoB.V. eds. 1987Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies.
24.
FriedmannJ.1986“The World City Hypothesis,”Development and Change, 17:69–83.
25.
GouldW.T.S., ed. 1988“Skilled International Migration,”Geoforum, 19:381–445.
26.
GuinessP.1990“Indonesian Migrants in Johor: An Itinerant Labour Force,”Bulletin of Indonesian Studies, 26:117–131.
27.
GunasekaranS.KohT.1991“Southeast Asian Migration to Canada, 1981–1988: A Flow Analysis.” Paperpresented at the International Conference on Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
28.
GunasekaranS.SullivanG.1990“Cross-border Labour Flows in Southeast Asia,”Southeast Asian Affairs 1990.
29.
GunatillekeG., ed. 1986Migration of Asian Workers to the Arab World. Tokyo: The United Nations University.
30.
HawkinsF.1989Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared. Kingston and Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press.
31.
Health and Welfare Canada1989Charting Canada's Future: A Report of the Demographic Review. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada.
32.
HeerD.M.1986“Immigration as a Counter to Below-Replacement Fertility in the United States:” In Below Replacement Fertility in Industrial Societies. Edited by DavisK., Population and Development Review, 12(supplement):262–269.
33.
HsiehKao-Chiao1989An Investigation of the Current Situation and Problems of Emigration (in Chinese). Taipei: Development Review Council.
34.
HugoG.1991“Population Movements In Indonesia: Recent Developments and Their Implications.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
35.
HugoG.1987“Forgotten Refugees: Postwar Forced Migration within Southeast Asian Countries:” In Refugees: A Third World Dilemma. Edited by RoggeJ.R., Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.
36.
HugoG.BunChan Kwok1990“Conceptualizing and Defining Refugee and Forced Migrations in Asia,”Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 18:28–33.
37.
HuguetJ.1991“The Future of International Migration Within Asia.” Paper presented at the 17th Pacific Science Congress, Honolulu, May 27-June 2.
38.
KaoC.H.C.1971Brain Drain: A Case Study of China. Taipei: Mei Ya Publications.
39.
KingA.D.1990Global Cities: Post-Imperialism and the Internationalization of London. LondonRutledge.
40.
KuznetsP.W.1987“Koreans in America: Recent Migration from South Korea to the United States.” In The Economics of Mass Migration in the Twentieth Century. Edited by KleinS., New York: Paragon.
41.
LeeC.de VosG., eds. 1981Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
42.
LeeJ.S.1991“Capital and Labor Mobility in Taiwan” Paper presented at the Workshop on Labor Flows to Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Taipei, June 6–8.
43.
LiSi-Ming1989“Labour Mobility, Migration and Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta Area,”Asian Geographer, 8:35–60.
44.
MartinP. L.1991“Labour Migration in Asia,”International Review, 25:176–193.
45.
MoriH.1990“An Estimate of the Inflow of Illegal Workers into Japan (1975–1988);”Journal of International Economic Studies, 4:63–82.
46.
NagaiH.AmanteM.S.V.1991“Foreign Workers in the Japanese Labour Market Case Study of Filipino ‘Dekasegi Rodosha’.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
47.
NeuwirthG.1987“Socioeconomic Adjustment of Southeast Asian Refugees in Canada.” In Refugees: A Third World Dilemma. Edited by RoggeJ.R., Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.
48.
PapademetriouD.G.1990“Current Issues in US. Immigration Policy:” Paper presented at the Conference on National Immigration Outlook, Melbourne, November 14–16.
49.
ParkI.H.1990Korean Immigrants and U.S. Immigration Policy: A Predeparture Perspective Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 114. Honolulu: East-West Population Institute.
50.
PriceC.A.1974The Great White Walls Are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia 1836–1888. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
51.
PurcellV.1965The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press.
52.
RiggJ.1989International Contract Labour Migration and the Village Economy: The Case of Tambon Don Han, Northeastern Thailand Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 112. Honolulu: East West Population Institute.
53.
RiggJ.1988“Perspectives on Migrant Labouring and the Village Economy in Developing Countries: The Asian Experience in a World Context;”Progress in Human Geography, 12:66–86.
54.
RoggeJ.R., ed. 1987Refugees: A Third World Dilemma. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.
55.
RussellS.S.1986“Remittances from International Migration: A Review in Perspective,”World Development,14:677–696
56.
SaltJ.FindlayA.1989“International Migration of Highly-skilled Manpower: Theoretical and Development Issues:” In The Impact of International Migration on Developing Countries. Edited by AppleyardR.T., Paris: DECD.
57.
SamuelT.S.TaylorC.1991“Contemporary Immigration Policies: Canada the United States and Mexico.” Paper presented at Multidisciplinary Conference on Contemporary United States-Canadian-Mexico Relations, University of Calgary, May 2–5.
58.
SeokH.1986“Republic of Korea.” In Migration of Asian Workers to the Arab World. Edited by GunatillekeG., Tokyo: The United Nations University.
59.
SkeldonR.1991a“Emigration and the Future of Hong Kong,”Pacific Affairs, 63:500–523.
60.
SkeldonR.1991b“Hong Kong and Singapore as Nodes in an International Migration System.” Paper presented at the International Conference On Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
61.
SkeldonR., 1990Population Mobility in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation. London: Belhaven Press.
62.
SmartJ.E.1986“Worker Circulation between Asia and the Middle East”Pacific Viewpoint, 27:1–28.
63.
StahlC.W.1991a“South-North Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region,”International Migration, 29:163–193.
64.
StahlC.W.1991b“International Migration in the Asian Region.” Paper presented at the Conference on International Manpower Flows and Foreign Investment in the Asia Region, Tokyo, September 9–12.
65.
StahlC.W.“Labor Migration amongst the ASEAN Countries.” In Urbanization and Migration in ASEAN Development. Edited by HauserP. M., Tokyo: National Institute for Research Advancement.
66.
StahlC.W.ArnoldF.1986“Overseas Workers' Remittances in Asian Development,”International Migration Review, 20:899–925.
67.
StahlC.W.HabibA.1991“Emigration and Development in South and Southeast Asia.” In the Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic Development. Edited by PapademetriouD.G.MartinP.L., Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
68.
SumaleePitayanon1986“Thailand.” In Middle East Interlude: Asian Workers Abroad. Edited by AbellaM.I.AtalY., Bangkok: UNESCO.
69.
SupangChantavanichReynoldE. Bruce, eds. 1988Indochinese Refugees: Asylum and Resettlement Asian Studies Monograph No. 39. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
70.
TaylorC.1988The Role of Immigration in Determining Canada's Eventual Population Size Population Working Paper No. 11. Ottawa: Employment and Immigration.'
71.
TaylorJ.1991Immigration and Its Labour Market Impact in the Northern Territory. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
72.
TsayChin-Lung1991“Labor Flows from Southeast Asia to Taiwan: Size, Characteristics and Impact.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Labor Flows to Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Taipei, June 6–8.
73.
TsayHong-Chiu1992“Foreign Workers in Taiwan: Demographic Characteristics, Related Problems and Policy Implications.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Migration, Centre for Advanced Studies, National University of Singapore, February 7–9.
74.
WeinerM.1989The Origins of the Korean Community in Japan, 1910–1923. New Jersey: Humanities Press International.
75.
WickbergE., ed. 1982From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
76.
WitayakornChiengkul1986“Thailand.” In Migration of Asian Workers to the Arab World. Edited by GunatillekeG., Tokyo: The United Nations University.
77.
WoodenM.1990Australian Immigration: A Survey of the Issues. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
78.
WuH.L.LanK.J.1991“Labor Shortage in Taiwan.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Labor Flows to Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Taipei, June 6–8.
79.
YapMui TengSingapore's New Immigration Policy, 1989: Benefits and Pitfalls. Occasional Paper. Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore. (forthcoming)
80.
ZolbergA.R.1989Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. New York: Oxford University Press.
