China has 287 million migrant workers and identifying and preventing their unemployment risk holds theoretical and practical significance. This study collected data in 2019 to explore the structure of migrant workers’ perception of unemployment risk. In the first stage of this study, in-depth interviews and grounded theory analysis were conducted and an interpretation framework for migrant workers’ unemployment risk perception (URP) was developed. In the second stage, a URP scale for migrant workers was developed and then tested and verified using a questionnaire survey and factor analysis. The results showed that the URP of migrant workers is composed of many dimensions: mental, financial, relationship, citizenization and re-migration.
AshfordSJLeeCBobkoP (1989)
Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal32(4): 803–829.
2.
BagozziRPYiY (1988)
On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science16(1): 74–94.
3.
BinderMEdwardsJS (2010)
Using grounded theory method for theory building in operations management research: A study on inter-firm relationship governance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management30(3): 232–259.
4.
BrandenJVincentC (eds) (1987) The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk: Essays on Risk Selection and Perception.
Dordrecht:
Reidel.
5.
BrennanEM (1983)
Rural–urban labor migration and urban unemployment in Kenya. International Migration Review17(3): 516–517.
6.
BroomDHD’SouzaRMStrazdinsL, et al. (2006)
The lesser evil: Bad jobs or unemployment? A survey of mid-aged Australians. Social Science & Medicine63(3): 575–586.
7.
CaiF (2013)
Various risks faced by migrant workers in employment. Rural work Communication9: 48 [In Chinese].
8.
ChenXM (2000) Qualitative Research Method and Social Science Research.
Beijing:
Educational Science Press [In Chinese].
9.
ChenLQiaoJLiJ (2013) The study on citizenization of migrant workers in the process of China’s urbanization. In: 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Engineering (MSIE 2013), Beijing, China. Beijing: Atlantis Press, pp.782–785.
10.
ChirumboloAHellgrenJ (2003)
Individual and organizational consequences of job insecurity: A European study. Economic and Industrial Democracy24(2): 217–240.
11.
ClarkAGeorgellisYSanfeyP (2001)
Scarring: The psychological impact of past unemployment. Economica68(270): 221–241.
12.
CreswellJWClarkVPL (2010) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research2nd edition.
Thousand Oaks:
SAGE Publications Inc.
13.
CreswellJWGuttmannPlano ClarkVL (2003) Advanced mixed methods research designs. In: TashakkoriATeddlieC (eds) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research.
Thousand Oaks:
SAGE Publications Inc., pp.209–240.
14.
De Witte H (2005)
Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology31(4): 68–77.
15.
FangM (2017)
Theoretical progress and paradigm change of interdisciplinary research on risk perception-based on psychological perspective. Foreign Theoretical Development6: 117–127 [In Chinese].
16.
FischhoffBSlovicPLichtensteinS, et al. (1978)
How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits. Policy Sciences9(2): 127–152.
17.
FornellCLarckerDF (1981)
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research18(1): 39–50.
18.
FuråkerBBlomsterbergM (2003)
Attitudes towards the unemployed. An analysis of Swedish survey data. International Journal of Social Welfare12(3): 193–203.
19.
GrafovaIBMonheitAC (2019)
How does actual unemployment and the perceived risk of joblessness affect smoking behavior? Gender and intra-family effects. Review of Economics of the Household17(1): 201–227.
HairJFAndersonRETathamRL, et al. (1995) Multivariate Data Analysis: With Readings4th edition.
Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice-Hall.
22.
InglisPAStrombackT (1986)
Migrants’ unemployment: The determinants of employment success.Economic Record62(3): 310–324.
23.
JunankarPNPaulSYasmeenW (2010)
Are Asian migrants discriminated against in the labor market? A case study of Australia. Singapore Economic Review55(4): 619–646.
24.
KaspersonJXKaspersonREPidgeonN, et al. (2003)
The social amplification of risk: Assessing fifteen years of research and theory. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science545(1): 95–105.
25.
KaspersonRERennOSlovicP, et al. (1988)
The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis8(2): 177–187.
26.
KimTJand von dem Knesebeck O (2016)
Perceived job insecurity, unemployment and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health89(4): 561–573.
27.
KnabeARätzelS (2011)
Scarring or scaring? The psychological impact of past unemployment and future unemployment risk. Economica78(310): 283–293.
28.
KnightJYuehL (2004)
Job mobility of residents and migrants in urban China. Journal of Comparative Economics32(4): 637–660.
29.
LaineMVan der HeijdenBWickströmG, et al. (2009)
Job insecurity and intent to leave the nursing profession in Europe. The International Journal of Human Resource Management20(2): 420–438.
30.
LairdJ (2015)
Unemployment among Mexican immigrant men in the United States, 2003–2012. Social Science Research49: 202–216.
31.
LangeT (2013)
Scarred from the past or afraid of the future? Unemployment and job satisfaction across European labour markets. The International Journal of Human Resource Management24(6): 1096–1112.
32.
LucasREClarkAEDienerGE (2004)
Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction. Psychological Science15(1): 8–13.
NicaEPotcovaruAMMiricăCO (2017)
Job loss, unemployment, and perceived job insecurity: Their effects on individuals’ health and well-being. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management5(2): 193–198.
35.
PopovVClarkeS (2000)
Structural adjustment without mass unemployment? Lessons from Russia. Slavic Review58(1): 261–262.
36.
QinXHomPWXuM (2019)
Am I a peasant or a worker? An identity strain perspective on turnover among developing-world migrants. Human Relations72(4): 801–833.
37.
SetbonMRaudeJFischlerC, et al. (2005)
Risk perception of the “mad cow disease” in France: Determinants and consequences.Risk Analysis25(4): 813–826.
38.
SitkinSBPabloAL (1992)
Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management Review17(1): 9–38.
39.
SlovicP (1987)
Perception of risk. Science236(4799): 280–285.
40.
StraussALCorbinJM (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.
Thousand Oaks:
SAGE Publications Inc.
41.
StrullyKW (2009)
Job loss and health in the U.S. labor market. Demography46(2): 221–246.
42.
SuddabyR (2006)
From the editors: What grounded theory is not. Academy of Management Journal49(4): 633–642.
43.
SverkeMHellgrenJ (2002)
The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Applied Psychology51(1): 23–42.
44.
UhlendorffAZimmermannKF (2014)
Unemployment dynamics among migrants and natives. Economica81(322): 348–367.
45.
VirtanenMNybergSTBattyGD, et al. (2013)
Perceived job insecurity as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The BMJ8(347): f4746.
46.
WangJY (2001)
Analysis of human capital, career choice and unemployment risk. Population Journal4: 7–10 [In Chinese].
47.
WangKHeS (2019)
Unraveling the marginalization of new generation peasant workers in China: Cultural reproduction and symbolic construction. Journal of Urban Affairs41(3): 282–304.
48.
WenXX (2015)
Unemployment risk and household consumption of migrant worker. Nankai Economic Studies6: 110–128 [In Chinese].
49.
XuPZhangXYHuT (2019a)
Beyond quantitative and qualitative researches: The types and application of researches by mixed methods. Journal of Soochow University7(1): 50–59 [In Chinese].
50.
XuZGLiuZQinH, et al. (2019b)
The sustainable development of land-lost peasants’ citizenization: A case study of Dongbang Town,China. Sustainability11(20): 1–15.
51.
ZhangHCLiuSL (2015)
The impacts of unemployment risk on migrants’ consumption. Economic Review2: 68–77 [In Chinese].
ZhangZX (2006)
Unemployment risks of local and migrant laborers: Evidence from five Chinese cities. Chinese Journal of Population Science1: 52–59 [In Chinese].
