The development of Queensland's sugar industry in the nineteenth century led to an influx of non-European laborers, such as Melanesians, Cingalese and Javanese. Years later, under the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901, many Asian people were expelled from Australia, but some Javanese remained in Mackay. This paper examines the Javanese settlement pattern during the colonial, “White Australia,” and multicultural periods in terms of race, ethnicity, culture and religion. These accounts were derived largely from interviews with Australia-born second, third and fourth generation Muslims of Javanese origin in Mackay.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)2001“Census of Population and Housing.” Unpublished data purchased by the author from ABS.
2.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)1971“Census of Population and Housing.” Unpublished data purchased by the author from ABS.
3.
BilimoriaPurushottamaVoigt-GrafCarmen2001“Indians.” In The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Edited by JuppJames. 2nd ed.Melbourne:Cambridge University Press.
KabirNahid2006“Muslims in a ‘White Australia’: Colour or Religion?”Immigrants and Minorities Journal, 24(2), July:193–223.
7.
KabirNahid2005aMuslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History. London: Kegan Paul.
8.
KabirNahid2005b“Muslims in Western Australia, 1870–1970,”Journal of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society, 12(5):550–565.
9.
KabirNahidEvansRaymond2002“Muslims and the Australian Labour Market, 1980–2001,”Immigrants and Minorities, 21(3):70–95.
10.
KennedyKett2002Mackay Revisited. Mackay, Queenland: Mackay City Council.
11.
MarkusAndrew1994Australian Race Relations, 1788–1993. St Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
12.
MarkusAndrew1979Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850–1901. Sydney: Hale and Iremonger.
13.
McGannPeter J.1988“‘Malays as Indentured Labour: Western Australia 1870–1900.” BA Honours Thesis, Murdoch University.
14.
McGrathAnn1976“Exile into Bondage: An Analysis of Asiatic Indenture into Colonial Queensland.” BA Honours Thesis, The University of Queensland.
15.
MonsourAnne2002“Whitewashed: The Lebanese in Queensland, 1880–1947.” In Arab Australians Today: Citizenship and Belonging. Edited by HageGhassan. Melbourne: Melbourne Press.
16.
MooreClive2001“South Sea Islanders after 1906.” In The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Edited by JuppJames. 2nd edition. Melbourne:Cambridge University Press.
17.
MooreClive1985Kanaka: A History of Melanesian Mackay. Port Moresby: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies and University of Papua New Guinea Press.
18.
NicholasS.ShergoldP.R.2001“The Convict Period.” In The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Edited by JuppJames. 2nd edition. Melbourne:Cambridge University Press.
19.
NilssonJ. A.1963“History of Mackay: The Sugar Town 1862–1915.” BA Honours Thesis, The University of Queensland.
20.
PIX in Queensland1941“Ten Little Malayans in Canefields Family,” 27 September:32.
21.
PortelliAlessandro2006“What Makes Oral History Different.” In The Real Oral History Reader. Edited by PerksRobertThompsonAlistair. 2nd edition. London: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group.
22.
SaundersKay2001“Pacific Islanders.” In The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Edited by JuppJames. 2nd edition. Edited Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
23.
SaundersKay1975“The Black Scourge.” In Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination. Edited by EvansRaySaundersKayCroninKathryn, Sydney: Australia and New Zealand Book Company.
24.
YorkBarry1996Studies in Australian Ethnic History: Racial Characteristics of the Australian People: Commonwealth Censuses, 1911–1966. Canberra: Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.
