Invited Review: A Review of Mechanisms of Wasting in HIV Disease

Abstract

According to estimates, between 50% to 90% of patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) will experience some form of malnutrition. The degree and types of malnutrition are attributed to alterations in nutrient intake, absorption, and metabolism. Causes for each of these changes are complex and multifactorial. Research on treatment modalities generally concentrates on a single mechanism and reports varying degrees of short-term benefit. Appetite stimulation along with special diets, oral supplements, and nonvolitional enteral or parenteral nutrient provision may improve nutrient intake and body weight. Therapies aimed at the rehabilitation and improvement of the pool of functioning protein stores, such as alteration of inflammatory response, restoration of hormonal balance, and exercise are under investigation. Longer term studies will allow researchers to observe effects of therapies on overall body functions. With the development of clinical standards of care, the maintenance and restoration of nutritional status is emerging as the foundation for HIV disease management.