Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Smoking and Nonsmoking Men With HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Past studies document decreased levels of antioxidants and selenium and increased levels of oxidative stress in people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cigarette smoking is another source of oxidative stress. Excessive oxidative stress can induce HIV replication, resulting in disease progression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether subjects with HIV/AIDS who smoke cigarettes have increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status compared with nonsmokers with HIV/AIDS. Methods: Thirty-one men with HIV/AIDS (adhering to highly active antiretroviral therapy for the previous 3 months) were recruited during regular visits to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center Infectious Disease Clinic in a southeastern US city. Plasma was obtained from a 1-time blood draw for this comparison study. Plasma lipid peroxide (LPO) was used as a marker of oxidative stress. Indicators of antioxidant capacity included plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx, the functional indicator of selenium status), vitamin C, and antioxidant potential (AOP). Results: Fifteen smokers and 10 nonsmokers with HIV/AIDS were enrolled. Median plasma LPO level was above the normal range of 0–1.3μ mol/L in both nonsmokers (2.5 [0–23.4] μmol/L, median [range]) and smokers (4.0 [0–47.5] μmol/L), but there was no difference between groups. Plasma GPx concentration was significantly lower in smokers (169 [118–295] μmol/min/L) compared with nonsmokers (197 [149–414] μmol/min/L). Vitamin C and AOP levels were not different between groups. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that effects of smoking on oxidative stress are not additive, as no striking differences were observed in oxidative stress or antioxidant capacity between clinically stable smoking and nonsmoking men with HIV/AIDS.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, et al. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997 ;15:370– 374.

Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lu Y, et al. Micronutrients and HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS. 1995 ;9:1051– 1056.

Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J, Salit I, Walmsley S. Oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in humans with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 ;67:143– 147.

Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J, et al. Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS. 1998;12:1653– 1659.

Look MP, Rockstroh JK, Rao GS, et al. Serum selenium versus lymphocyte subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997;56:31– 41.

Favier A, Sappey C, Leclerc P, Faure P, Micoud M. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in patients infected with HIV. Chem Biol Interact. 1994;91:165– 180.

Sappey C, Legrand-Poels S, Best-Belpomme M, et al. Stimulation of glutathione peroxidase activity decreases HIV type 1 activation after oxidative stress. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994 ;10:1451– 1461.

Hiscott J, Kwon H, Genin P. Hostile takeovers: viral appropriation of the NF-kappaB pathway. J Clin Invest. 2001 ;107:143– 151.

Swingler S, Morris A, Easton A. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta induce specific subunits of NFKB to bind the HIV-1 enhancer: characterisation of transcription factors controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression in neural cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 ;203:623– 630.

10.

Miller ER 3rd, Appel LJ, Jiang L, Risby TH. Association between cigarette smoking and lipid peroxidation in a controlled feeding study. Circulation. 1997 ;96:1097– 1101.

11.

Wang NP, Lim PS, Chen TT, et al. Smoking is associated with alterations of blood thiol-group related antioxidants in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron. 2002 ;92:772– 779.

12.

Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;2000 .

13.

Dyer AR, Elliott P, Stamler J, et al. Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: the INTERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens. 2003 ;17:641– 654.

14.

Ma J, Hampl JS, Betts NM. Antioxidant intakes and smoking status: data from the continuing survey of food intakes by individuals 1994–1996. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 ;71:774– 780.

15.

Niyongabo T, Melchior JC, Henzel D, Bouchaud O, Larouze B. Comparison of methods for assessing nutritional status in HIV-infected adults. Nutrition. 1999 ;15:740– 743.

16.

Kotler DP, Burastero S, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr. Prediction of body cell mass, fat-free mass, and total body water with bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of race, sex, and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(suppl):489S– 497S.

17.

Gunter EW, Turner WE, Neese JW, Boyce DD. Laboratory procedures used by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Centers for Disease Control, for the second Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES II) 1976–1980. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanesii/labman.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2005.

18.

Schwenk A, Beisenherz A, Romer K, et al. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis remains an independent predictive marker in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 ;72:496– 501.

19.

Kamiya Biomedical Company. LPO-CC (lipid peroxides) kit. Rev. 1299. Available at: http://www.kamiyabiomedical.com/pdf//CC-004.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2005.

20.

McDermid JM, Lalonde RG, Gray-Donald K, Baruchel S, Kubow S. Associations between dietary antioxidant intake and oxidative stress in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men and women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29:158– 164.

21.

Lykkesfeldt J, Viscovich M, Poulsen HE. Plasma malondialdehyde is induced by smoking: a study with balanced antioxidant profiles. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:203– 206.

22.

Gackowski D, Kowalewski J, Siomek A, Olinski R. Oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant vitamin level: comparison among lung cancer patients, healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Int J Cancer. 2005 ;114:153– 156.

23.

Sanchez-Moreno C, Cano MP, de Ancos B, et al. Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 ;78:454– 460.

24.

Rousseau MC, Molines C, Moreau J, Delmont J. Influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy on micronutrient profiles in HIV-infected patients. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000 ;44:212– 216.

25.

Taylor EW, Cox AG, Zhao L, et al. Nutrition, HIV, and drug abuse: the molecular basis of a unique role for selenium. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;25(suppl 1): S53–S61.

26.

Kocyigit A, Erel O, Gur S. Effects of tobacco smoking on plasma selenium, zinc, copper and iron concentrations and related anti-oxidative enzyme activities. Clin Biochem. 2001 ;34:629– 633.

27.

Ellingsen DG, Thomassen Y, Aaseth J, Alexander J. Cadmium and selenium in blood and urine related to smoking habits and previous exposure to mercury vapour. J Appl Toxicol. 1997 ;17:337– 343.

28.

Abou-Seif MA. Blood antioxidant status and urine sulfate and thiocyanate levels in smokers. J Biochem Toxicol. 1996 ;11:133– 138.

29.

Herzenberg LA, De Rosa SC, Dubs JG, et al. Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:1967– 1972.

30.

RJL Systems. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and age groups of NHANES III. Available at: http://www.rjlsystems.com/docs/research/NHANES_III/NHANES_BIA_AGE.pdf. Accessed May 22, 2005.