Abercrombie, N., S. Hill, and B. Turner (1980) The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London : George Allen.
2.
Beijing Review. Beijing.
3.
Brook, Timothy (1992) Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
4.
Buckley, Christopher (1991) "Science as politics and politics as science: Fang Lizhi and Chinese intellectuals' uncertain road to dissent." Australian J. of Chinese Affairs25:1-36.
5.
Caciagli, Mario (1991) "Clientelism," p. 108 in Vernon Bogdanor (ed.), Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
6.
Cheek, Timothy (1989) "Habits of the heart: intellectual assumptions reflected by Chinese reformers from Deng Tuo to Fang Lizhi," pp. 117-43 in Shao-chuan Leng (ed.), Changes in China: Party, State, and Society. Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America.
7.
—( 1992) "From priests to professionals: intellectuals and the state under the CCP," pp. 124-45 in Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry (eds.), Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Boulder, CO: Westview.
8.
—and Carol Lee Hamrin (1986) "Introduction: collaboration and conflict in the search for a new order," pp. 3-20 in Timothy Cheek and Carol Lee Hamrin (eds.), China's Establishment Intellectuals. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
9.
Chen, Chang-Chin (1987) "Fang Li-chih: theorist of the mainland Chinese democratic movement." Issues and Studies23, 11: 50-68.
10.
China Directory (1989). Japan: Radiopress.
11.
Clapham, Christopher (1985) Third World Politics: An Introduction. London: Croom Helm.
12.
Cotton, James (1984) "The intellectuals as a group in the Chinese political process," pp. 176-93 in David S. G. Goodman (ed.), Groups and Politics in the People's Republic of China. Cardiff, UK: Univ. College, Cardiff Press .
13.
Fang Lizhi (1988) Zanmei wozhu zhihou: Fang Lizhi zi xuanji (After praising the Lord: Fang Lizhi's own selection of speeches, writings, and interview records, vol. 1. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
14.
—( 1989a) Weiji gan xia de zeren: Fang Lizhi zi xuanji (Responsibility under a sense of crisis: Fang Lizhi's own selection of speeches, writings, and interview records, vol. 2. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing.
15.
—( 1989b) Zhexue he wulixue: Fang Lizhi zi xuanji (Philosophy and physics: Fang Lizhi's own selection of speeches, writings, and interview records, vol. 3. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
16.
—( 1989c) Zhongguo de shiwang he xiwang: Fang Lizhi zi xuanji (China's hope and despair: Fang Lizhi's own selection of speeches, writings, and interview records, vol. 4. Singapore : World Scientific Publishing.
17.
Far Eastern Economic Review. Hong Kong.
18.
Feuer, Lewis S. (1975) Ideology and the Ideologists. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
—( 1987) "Dissident intellectuals in the People's Republic of China ," pp. 159-87 in Victor Falkenheim (ed.), Citizens and Groups in Contemporary China. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, Univ. of Michigan.
21.
—( 1992) "The intellectuals in the Deng Xiaoping era," pp. 193-218 in Arthur Lewis Rosenbaum (ed.), State and Society in China: The Consequences of Reform. Boulder, CO: Westview.
22.
—( 1994) Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
23.
—and Timothy Cheek (1987) "Introduction: uncertain change," pp. 1-20 in Merle Goldman, Timothy Cheek, and Carol Lee Hamrin (eds.), China's Intellectuals and the State: In Search of a New Relationship. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard Univ.
24.
—, Perry Link, and SU Wei (1993) "China's intellectuals in the Deng era: loss of identity with the state," pp. 125-53 in Lowell Dittmer and Samuel Kim (eds.), China's Quest for National Identity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
25.
Harding, Harry (1992) A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
26.
Jiushi niandai (The Nineties). Hong Kong.
27.
Kelly, David (1988) "Fang Lizhi: democrat on the road to class power ?" Paper presented to the bicentennial conference of the Asian Studies Assoc. of Australia. Canberra, Australian National Univ. (Feb.).
28.
—( 1991) "The dissident," pp. 189-99 in Fang Lizhi (ed.), Bringing Down the Great Wall. New York: Knopf.
29.
Konrad George, and Ivan Szelenyi (1979) The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power: A Sociological Study of the Role of the Intelligentsia in Socialism. New York: Harcourt Brace.
30.
Kraus, Richard C. (1989) "The lament of astrophysicist Fang Lizhi: China's intellectuals in a global context," pp. 294-315 in Arif Dirlik and Maurice Meisner (eds.), Marxism and the Chinese Experience. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
31.
Li YI ( 1988) "Zai fang Liu Binyan" (Interviewing Liu Binyan again. Jiushi niandai (May): 16-30.
32.
—( 1990) "Wei shenme shuoliao bu jiang you jiang?" (Why talk after refusing to do so?Jiushi niandai (Aug.): 24-28.
33.
Link, Perry (1989) "The Chinese intellectuals and the revolt." New York Rev. of Books36, 11 (29 June): 38-41.
34.
—( 1990) "The thought and spirit of Fang Lizhi," pp. 100-124 in George Hicks (ed.), The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen . Harlow, UK: Longman Group.
35.
—( 1992) Evening Chats in Beijing: Probing China's Predicament . New York: Norton.
36.
Ma, Shu Yun (1992-93) "China's higher education reform and the emergence of dissidence: the case of Chen Kuide." China Information7, 3: 39-45.
37.
—( 1993a) "Continued clientelism in Chinese intellectual politics ." J. of Contemporary Asia23, 4: 465-83.
38.
—( 1993b) "The exit, voice, and struggle to return of Chinese political exiles." Pacific Affairs66, 3: 368-85.
39.
—( 1996) "The role of power struggle and economic changes in the 'Heshang phenomenon' in China." Modern Asian Studies30, 1: 29-50.
40.
Madsen, Richard (1990) "The spiritual crisis of China's intellectuals ," pp. 243-60 in Deborah Davis and Ezra F. Vogel (eds.), Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen: The Impact of Reform. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Fiarvard Univ.
41.
Mao LI ( 1990) "Li Peng He Dongchang daji jiaoyujie" ( Li Peng and He Dongchang attack education circles. Dangdai zhoukan (Contemporary Weekly) (4 Aug.): 20-21.
42.
McCormick, Barrett L. (1990) Political Reform in Post-Mao China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
43.
Merton, Robert (1968) "Role of the intellectual in public bureaucracy ," pp. 261-78 in Robert Merton (ed.), Social Theory and Social Structure. Enlarged ed. New York: Free Press.
44.
Miller, Lyman (1991) "The cosmologist," pp. 3-11 in Fang Lizhi (ed.), Bringing Down the Great Wall. New York: Knopf.
45.
Mohan, Raj P. (1987) The Mythmakers: Intellectuals and the Intelligentsia in Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
46.
Molnar, Thomas (1973) The Decline of the Intellectuals. 2d ed. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House.
47.
Nathan, Andrew (1990) China's Crisis: Dilemmas of Reform and Prospects for Democracy. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
48.
—( 1991) "Tiananmen and the cosmos." New Republic (29 July): 31-36.
49.
Nettle, J. Peter (1969) "Ideas, intellectuals, and structures of dissent ," pp. 57-134 in Philip Rieff (ed.), On Intellectuals . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
50.
Oi, Jean C. (1989) State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
51.
Parsons, Talcott (1969) " 'The intellectual': a social role category," pp. 3-26 in Philip Rieff (ed.), On Intellectuals . Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
52.
Randall Vicky, and Robin Theobald (1985) Political Change and Underdevelopment : A Critical Introduction to Third World Politics. London: Macmillan.
53.
Renmin ribao (People's Daily). Beijing.
54.
Rice, Kenneth A. (1980) Geertz and Culture. Ann Arbor : Univ. of Michigan Press.
55.
Saich, Tony (1989) China's Science Policy in the 80s. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International .
56.
Schell, Orville (1989) Discos and Democracy: China in the Throes of Reform . New York: Anchor.
57.
Shils, Edward (1991) "The virtue of civil society." Government and Opposition26,1: 3-20.
58.
Walder, Andrew (1986) Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
59.
Williams, James H. (1988) "Introduction." Chinese Studies in Philosophy10, 4: 3-13.
60.
—( 1990) "Fang Lizhi's expanding universe." China Q.123: 459-84.
61.
—( 1991) "The democrats," pp. 85-91 in Fang Lizhi (ed.), Bringing Down the Great Wall. New York: Knopf.
62.
Yang, Zhong MEI (1988) Hu Yaobang: A Chinese Biography. William A. Wycoff (trans.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
63.
Zhang, Xiaoting (1988) "Intellectual opposition and its control in China ." M.A. thesis, Centre of Criminology, Univ. of Toronto .
