Associated Press (1994) "Nature finds an independent ally." South China Morning Post (2 Apr.). Hong Kong.
2.
Ba Gen and Chifeng shi caoyuan gongzuo zhan [Chifeng Grassland Work Station] (1993) "Jiating xuqun xiao cao kulun jianshe qianyi" (Overview of householder herd and grassland construction policy. Neimenggu cao yie2: 19-22.
3.
Blaikie Piers and Harold Brookfield (1987) Land Degradation and Society . New York: Metheun.
4.
Bruun, Ole (1995) "Fengshui and the Chinese perception of nature ," pp 173-88 in Ole Bruun and Arne Kalland (eds ), Asian Perceptions of Nature. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies No. 18. Richmond, UK: Curzon.
5.
Bureau of the Ministry of Forestry in Charge of Construction of Shelter Forest in North, Northeast, and Northwest China [ed.] (1990) "Spring has come to the desert," pp. 22-23 in A Rising Green Great Wall: Construction of the Sanbei Shelter-Forest System. Beijing: Dadi Publishing House. (English version of Chinese manuscript)
6.
Cao Xinsun (1990) "Wulanaodu diqu de tudi tuihua wenti yu zhili duice" (On the problems of land degradation and control measures in the Wulanaodu region, pp. 1-4 in Cao Xinsun (ed.), Fengsha ganhan zonghe zhili yanjiu: Neimenggu dongbu diqu (Studies on the Integrated Control of Wind, Sand Drift, and Drought in Eastern Inner Mongolia , vol 2. BeijingKexue chubanshe.
7.
Chen Changdu (1987) "Zhongguo huangsha de zhuyao leixing yu jingji fazhan" (Types of deserts in China and their economic exploitationZhiwu shengtaixue yu dizhiwuxue xuebao ( Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica) 11, 2. 81-91
8.
Chifengshi caoyuanjianlisuo [Chifeng City Grassland Regulatory Office] (1990) Caodi guanli fagui yu guicheng ziliao huibian (Collection of Grassland Management Rules and Regulations. Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region .
9.
China Daily (1987) "Environmental crisis growing." Unknown date
10.
———— (1988) "China seeds desert by plane." 10 Aug.
11.
—( 1991) "Stop the deserts." 31 July.
12.
China National Committee of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1993) National Report of the People's Republic of China on Natural Disaster Reduction (English and Chinese versions, both available from the Editorial Department, No 147 Beiheyan Street, Beijing 100721).
13.
China State Council (1994) China's Agenda 21: White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21 st Century. (Adopted at the 16th Executive Meeting of the State Council on 25 Mar.) Beijing: China Environmental Science Press (English and Chinese versions)
14.
Chonghalakoushu and Jisizhengli (1986) "Songshu shan" (Pine Mountain , pp. 103-5 in Wengniuteqi wenshi ziliao (Historical Materials on Wengniute BannerWudan: Wengniute weisheng xitong yinshaochang
15.
Connor, Walker (1984) The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and StrategyPrinceton, NJ: Pnnceton Univ. Press.
16.
Dai Qing (1994) Yangtze' Yangtze' Debate over the Three Gorges Project Nancy Liu, Wu Mei, Sun Yougeng, and Zhang Xiaogang (trans.). London: Earthscan.
17.
Deal, D. (1984) "The question of nationalities in twentieth century China " J of Ethnic Studies12,323-53.
18.
Deng Nan (1992) quoted in China Daily, "Poor environment a threat " 8 May
19.
Department of Desert Research, Lanzhou Institute (1982) "The transformation of deserts in China a summary view of the people's experiences in controlling sand," in James Walls (ed.), Combating Desertification in China. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. (English version of Chinese manuscript)
20.
Fei Xiaotong (1984) "Bianqu kaifa Chifeng plan" (Essay on border development in Chifeng. Neimeng ribao (11 Mar.).
21.
Fullen, M. and D. Mitchell (1991) "Taming the shamo dragon " Geographical Magazine (Nov.): 26.
22.
Grapard, A. (1994) "Geosophia, geognosis, and geopiety," pp 372-401 in Roger Friedland and Deirdre Boden (eds.), NowHere Space, Time and ModernityBerkeleyUniv of California Press.
23.
Guo Yong (1993) Vice governor [fu qi zhang] of Wengniute banner) Interviewed by author. 3 Sept
24.
He Bochuan (1991) China on the Edge The Crisis of Ecology and Development . San Francisco China Books and Periodicals.
25.
Heathcote, R.L. (1983) The Arid Lands Their Use and Abuse. New YorkLongman.
26.
Hinton, William (1990) The Great Reversal The Privatization of China, 1978-1989New York: Monthly Review Press.
27.
Howard, Pat (1988) Breaking the Iron Rice Bowl: Prospects for Socialism in China's CountrysideArmonk, NY. M. E. Sharpe
28.
Hu Mingge [ed.] (1990) "Tuihua caodi" (Degraded grasslands, pp 189-211 in Chifeng caodi (Chifeng Grasslands . BeijingNongye chubanshe.
29.
Huffman, J. (1986) Government Liability and Disaster MitigationBostonUniv Press of America.
30.
Jiang Wandi (1994) "Turning the desert green." Beijing Review37, 4416-20
31.
Kou Zhenwu and Xue Cai (1990) "Wulanaodu liusha zhili zhibei huifu" (Control of moving sand dunes and restoration of vegetation in Wulanaodu region, pp 5-10 in Cao Xinsun (ed.), Fengsha ganhan zonghe zhili yanjiu: Neimenggu dongbu diqu (Studies on the Integrated Control of Wind, Sand Drift, and Drought in Eastern Inner Mongolia, vol 2 Beijing: Kexue chubanshe .
32.
Lam, Willy WO-LAP (1993) "Green movement under scrutiny " South China Morning Post (7 July): 8.
33.
Lattimore, Owen (1934) Mongols of ManchuriaNew YorkJohn Day
34.
———— (1962) Writings of Owen Lattimore Studies in Frontier History, Collected Papers 1929-58. New YorkOxford Univ Press.
35.
Li Jianshu (1990) "Preface," in Bureau of the Ministry of Forestry in Charge of Construction of Shelter Forest in North, Northeast, and Northwest China (1990. English version of Chinese manuscript.
36.
Li Yutang (1992) Executive vice-president of China Pratacultural Association and Senior Economist for the Ministry of Agriculture. Interviewed by author. 5 June.
37.
Lin Xiangjin (1990) "Development of the pastoral areas of Chifeng City Prefecture," pp 74-92 in John Longworth (ed.), The Wool Industry in China. Victoria, Australia Inkata
38.
Liu Guizhen (1993) "1992 nian quanguo xumuye shengchan qingkuang" (Report on national pastoral production in 1992. Muye tongxun (Animal Husbandry News Dispatch) 19,5: 2-3
39.
Liu Yuman (1990) "Economic reform and the livestock/pasture imbalance in pastoral areas of China a case study of the problems and counter measures in Balinyou Banner," pp. 93-105 in John Longworth (ed ), The Wool Industry in China. Victoria, Australia. Inkata.
40.
Longworth John and Gregory Williamson (1993) China's Pastoral Region Sheep and Wool, Minority Nationalities, Rangeland Degradation and Sustainable Development Wallingford, UK CAB International (in association with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research).
41.
Ma Rong ( 1984) "Migrant and Ethnic Integration in Rural Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China" Ph.D diss. Brown Univ
42.
Manduhu and Nasendelger (1963) "Red star of the grasslands." China Reconstructs12, 2. 24-26
43.
Murphey, R. (1967) "Man and nature in China." Modem Asian Studies1, 4313-33.
44.
National Research Council [ed.] (1992) Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern ChinaWashington, D CNational Academy Press
45.
Needham, Joseph (1956) Science and Civilisation in China, Vol 2 History of Scientific ThoughtNew YorkCambridge Univ. Press.
46.
Neimenggu ribao (1990) Report of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection Department, p. 3. In Foreign Broadcast Information Service, FBIS-CHI-90-189 24-25
47.
Nelson, Ridley (1990) Dryland Management The Desertification Problem. World Bank Techmcal Paper No 116. Washington, D.CWorld Bank
48.
Orleans, L. (1991) "Loss and misuse of China's cultivated land," pp. 403-7 in Joint Economic Committee, U.S Congress, China's Economic Dilemma in the 1990s Vol. 1 (Apr)
49.
Quanshi muqu gongzuo huiyi dianxing cailiao zhi san [Third All Chifeng Pastoral Distnct Work Committee] (1991) " Lizu shachu shiji xingjian jiating xiaocao kulun" (Based upon arid land realities, construct household enclosures. 3rd proposal by the Animal Husbandry Workers Conference (15 Aug, Chifeng .
50.
Reardon-Anderson, James (1995) "Man and nature in the West Liao River basin during the past 10,000 years." Paper presented at the Assoc. for Asian Studies conference, 6 Apr., Washington, D.C.
51.
Renmin ribao (1976) "Shenru piDeng kangzhen jiuzai" (Intensify criticism of Deng, resist quakes, and recover from disasters. (11 Aug.): 1.
52.
————( 1991) "Woguo jiangda guimo zhili shamo" (China expands the scope of desertification control). (29 July): 1. Beijing.
53.
Rhodes, S. (1991) "Rethinking desertification: What do we know and what have we learned?" World Development 19, 9: 1137-43.
54.
Salter, Christopher [ed.] (1973) Doing Battle with Nature: Landscape Modification and Resource Utilization in the People's Republic of China, 1960-72 (annotated bibliography. Occasional Paper No. 1, Asian Studies Committee, Univ. of Oregon.
55.
Schaller, George (1993) The Last Panda. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
56.
Smil, Vaclav (1993) China's Environmental Crisis. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
57.
Song Tingmin (1994) Assistant to Chen Fei, coordinator at the World Bank Project Office of the Ministry of Domestic Trade. Interviewed by author. 24 June.
58.
Soong Ching Ling [ Song Qingling] (1972) "How nature is being changed." China Reconstructs21, 4: 22-25.
59.
Spooner, Brian (1982) "Rethinking desertification: The social dimension ," pp 1-24 in Brian Spooner and H. S. Mann (eds.), Desertification and Development: Dryland Ecology in Social Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
60.
———— (1984) Ecology in Development: A Rationale for Three Dimensional Policy. Tokyo: United Nations Univ. Press.
61.
Sullivan, L. (1995) "The Three Gorges project: dammed if they do ?" Current History (Sept.): 266-69.
62.
Tapp, N. (1995) "Minority nationality in China: policy and practice ," pp. 195-220 in R. H. Barnes and Benedict Kingsbury (eds.), Indigenous Peoples of Asia. Ann Arbor, MI: Assoc. for Asian Studies.
63.
Thomas, D. (1993) "Sandstorm in a teacup? Understanding desertification ." Geographical J. 159,3: 318-31.
64.
Thomas David and Nicholas Middleton (1994) Desertification: Exploding the Myth. New York: John Wiley.
65.
Topping, A. (1995) "Ecological roulette: damming the Yangtze." Foreign Affairs (Sept -Oct.): 132-46.
66.
Turner, B. L. [ed.] (1990) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge Univ. Press.
67.
United Nations Environment Programme (1993 ) Environmental Data Report 1993-94. Prepared for UNEP by the GEMS Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre, London.
68.
Verstraete, M. (1986) "Defining desertification: A review." Climatic Change9,1-2: 5-18.
69.
Walls, James [ed.] (1982) Combating Desertification in China. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.
70.
Wang Lixian, Wang Xian, and Zhang Kebin [eds.] (1993) The Expenences of Combatting Desertification in P.R. China. Beijing: College of Soil and Water Conservation in the Beijing Forestry Univ.
71.
Watson, A., C. Findlay, and DU Yintang (1989) "Who won the 'wool war'? A case study of rural product marketing in China." China Q.118 (June): 213-41
72.
Wengniuteqi renmin zhengfu [People's Government ofWengniute Banner] (1988) "Wengniuteqi renmin zhengfu bangongshi wenzhang" (Document No. 96 from the Office of the People's Government of Wengmute Banner) (23 Sept.). Wudan.
73.
Wengniuteqi renmin zhengfu (gongzuo baogao) [Work Report from the People's Government of Wengniute Banner] (1993) 3rd conference of the 11th session (24 Mar, Wudan.
74.
Williams, D.M. (1996) "The barbed walls of China: a contemporary grassland drama." J. of Asian Studies55, 3: 665-91.
75.
———— (1997) "Patchwork, pastoralists, and perception: dune sand as a valued resource among ethnic Mongol herders." Human Ecology (forthcoming).
Xu Youfang (1993) Speaking at the National Desertification Conference in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, as quoted in Xinhua News Agency (English report of Chinese address) (24 Sept.), Beijing. Also available in FBIS-CHI-93-184 (24 Sept. 1993).
78.
Zhang Xinshi (1992) "Xinjiang," pp. 109-20 in National Research Council (1992).
79.
Zhao Shidong (1992) "Brief introduction to Wulanaodu Grassland Ecosystem Research Station." Paper prepared for the Grassland Ecosystem of the Mongolian Steppe Research Conference (26-29 Mar, Racine, WI.
80.
Zhao Songqiao (1990) "The semi-arid land in Eastern Inner Mongolia—an area of critical environmental change." Chinese J. of Arid Land Research3: 257-71.
81.
Zhao Songqiao and Xing Jiaming (1984) "Origin and development of the Shamo and the Gobi of China," pp. 230-51
82.
in Robert Orr Whyte (ed.), Evolution of the East Asian Environment: Vol.1. Geology and Palaeoclimatology. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ. of Hong Kong.
83.
Zhongguo kexueyuan [Chinese Academy of Sciences] (1989) "Xinjiang xumuye fazhan yu buju yanjiu" (A study of development and layout of animal husbandry in Xinjiang, in Zhongguo kexueyuan ziyuan kaifa zonghe kaochadui (Chinese Integrated Survey on Resource Development. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.
84.
Zhou LI ( 1990) "Economic development in China's pastoral regions: problems and solutions," pp. 43-56 in John Longworth (ed.), The Wool Industry in China. Victoria, Australia: Inkata.
85.
Zhou Weide (1993) "Neimeng huanjing baohu shiji" (A century of China's environmental protection in Inner Mongolia. News briefing held on 19 Oct. and reported in Neimenggu ribao (21 Oct.): 1. Hohhot.
86.
Zhu Zhenda (1990) "Desertification in the northern territory of China: Present status and trend of development." J of Chinese Geography1, 1. 61-70.
87.
Zhu Zhenda and Wang Tao (1990) "Cong ruogan dianxing diqu de yanjiu dui jin shinian yu nianlai Zhongguo tudi shamohua yanbian qushi de fenxi" ( Analysis on the trend of land desertification in northern China during the last decade based on examples from some typical areasDili xuebao (Acta Geographica Sinica) 45, 4: 430-40.