Atwell, W. (1975) "From education to politics: the Fu She," pp. 333-367 in Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
2.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean-Claude Passeron (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (Richard Nice, trans.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3.
Busch, Heinrich (1949-1955) "The Tung-Lin Academy and its political and philosphical significance." Monumenta Serica14: 1-163.
4.
Carnoy, M. (1982) "Education, economy, and the state," pp. 79-126 in Michael Apple (ed.), Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5.
Chaffee, John (1985) The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
6.
Chongxiu da Oing yitong zhi [Revised edition of the Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Great Oing] (1820).
7.
Crawford, R. (1970) "Chang Chü-cheng's Confucian Legalism," pp. 367-404 in Wm. Theodore de Bary et al. (eds.), Self and Society in Ming Thought. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
8.
Da Qing Gaozong Chun huangdi shengxun [Sacred Edicts of the Oianlong Emperor] (n.d.). Beijing.
9.
Da Qing huidian shili (n.d.)
10.
Da Oing Renzong Rui (Jiaqing) huangdi shilu [Veritable Records of the Jiaqing Emperor] (1964). Taibei reprint.
11.
Da Oing Shizong Xianhuangdi shengxun [Sacred Edicts of the Yongzheng Emperor] (n.d.). Beijing.
12.
de Bary, W. (1973) "Chinese despotism and the Confucian ideal: a seventeeth-century view." pp. 163-203 in John Fairbank (ed.), Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.
13.
Deng, Siyu (1967) Zhongguo kaoshi zhidu shi [History of Chinese Examination Institutions]. Taibei: Student Bookstore .
14.
Dennerline, J. (1979) "Hsu Tu and the lesson of Nanking: political integration and the local defense in Chiang-nan, 1634-1645," pp. 89-132 in Jonathan Spence and John E. Willis, Jr. (eds.), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
15.
des ROTOURS, ROBERT (1932) Le traite des examens traduit de la nouvelle histoire des Tang. Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux.
16.
Dillon, M. (1978) "Jingdezhen as a Ming industrial center." Ming Studies6 (Spring): 37-44.
17.
Donglin biesheng [Separate Records of Donglin] ( 1958) Transcribed list from an old manuscript in the provincial Zhongshan University library.
18.
Elman, Benjamin (forthcoming) Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch'ang-chou New Text School of Confucianism in Late Imperial China. Berkeley : Univ. of California Press.
19.
Er Cheng quanji, Yi-chuan wenji [Complete Works of the Two Chengs, Cheng Yi's Collected Essays] (1927-1935). Shanghai: Zhonghua Bookstore.
20.
Franke, Wolfgang (1960) The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System. Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monograph.
21.
Goodrich, L.C. (1935) The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung. Baltimore: Waverly Press.
22.
Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine (1986) From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
23.
Gu Oingmei (1984) "Huang Lizhou Donglin xue'an yu Gu Jingyang, Gao Jingyi yuanzhu zhi bijiao" [Comparison between Huang Zongxi's 'Studies of Donglin scholars' and the original writings of Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panlong] . Kong-Meng yuekan23, 3 (November).
24.
Gu Tinglin shiwen ji [Gu Yanwu's Collected Essays and Poems] ( 1976). Hong Kong: Yanwu Zhonghua Bookstore.
25.
Gu Xiancheng (n.d.) "Donglin huiyue fu" [Addition to the statutes for meetings at the Donglin Academy], in Gu Duanwen gong yishu [Bequeathed Writings of Gu Xiancheng]. Qing, Kangxi edition.
26.
Gu Yanwu (1974) Rizhi lu [Record of Knowledge Gained Day by Day] . Taibei: Pingping Press.
27.
Hartwell, Robert (1971) "Financial expertise, examinations, and the formation of economic policy in northern Sung China." J. of Asian Studies30, 2: 281-314.
28.
Hayashi Tomoharu (1953) "To-So soin no hassei to sono kyoiku" [ Development of Tang and Song academies and their education]. Gakushuin daigaku bungakubu kenkyu nempo2: 133-156.
29.
Hayashi Tomoharu (1958) "Gen-Min jidai no shoin kyoiku" [ Academy education in the Yuan and Ming eras]], pp. 3-23 in Hayashi Tomoharu (ed.), Kinsei Chugoku kyoiku kenkyu [ Research on Education in Early Modern China]. Tokyo: Kokutosha.
30.
Ho, Ping-Ti (1962) The Ladder of Success in Imperial China. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
31.
Ho, Yun-Yi (1980) The Ministry of Rites and Suburban Sacrifices in Early Ming. Taibei: Shuangye Bookstore .
32.
Hou Wailu (1955) "Lun Ming-Qing zhi ji de shehui jieji guanxi he qimeng sichao de tedian" [Special characteristics of enlightened thought and social class relations in the Ming-Qing era]. Xin jianshe (May): 26-35.
33.
Houn, F. (1956) "The civil service recruitment system of the Han dynasty." Tsing-hua hsueh-pao, New Series1: 138-164.
34.
Huang, Ray (1981) 1587: A Year of No Significance. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
35.
Huang, Zongxi (1969) Mingyi daifang lu, in Lizhou yizhu huikan (xia) [Composite Edition of Huang Zongxi's Bequeathed Writings, part 2]. Taibei: Longyan.
36.
Hucker, C.O. (1959) "Confucianism and the Chinese censorial system ," pp. 182-208 in David Nivison and Arthur Wright (eds.), Confucianism in Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
37.
Hucker, C.O. (1973) "The Tung-lin movement of the late Ming period ," pp. 132-162 in John Fairbank (ed.), Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
38.
Ichisada, Miyazaki (1981) China's Examination Hell (Conrad Schirokauer, trans . New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press .
39.
Jin Risheng (1633) Song tian lubi [Display of Writings in Praise of Heaven].
40.
Kracke, E.A. (1968) Civil Service in Early Sung China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute.
41.
Ku, Hung-Ting (1984) "Upward career mobility patterns of high-ranking officials in Ch'ing China, 1730-1976." Papers on Far Eastern History (Australia), 29.
42.
Lau, D.C. (1979) Confucius: The Analects. New York: Penguin.
43.
Lee, Thomas (1985) Government Education and Examination in Sung China . Hong Kong: Chinese Univ. Press .
44.
Li Huan (n.d.) Guochao qixian leizheng [Biographies of Qing Venerables and Worthies Arranged by Categories]. Xiangyin.
45.
Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao (1959) Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period (Immanuel Hsu, trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
46.
Lin Liyue (1983) "Ming-mo Donglinpai de jige zhengzhi guanuian" [Some political concepts of the Donglin faction in the late Ming]. Guoli Taiwan shifan daxue lishi xuebao11: 20-42.
47.
Liu Yizheng (1931) "Jiangsu shuyuan zhi chukao" (Preliminary draft of a gazetteer for Jiangsu academies. Guoxue tushuguan niankan4.
48.
Lo, Winston (1987) An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China . Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press.
49.
Lui, Adam (1981) The Hanlin Academy: Training Ground for the Ambitious, 1644-1850. Hamden, CT: Archon.
50.
Lund, R.C. (1957) "The imperial university of Peking." Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle .
51.
Lunyu yinde [Index to the Analects] (1966) reprint. Taibei: Chengwen.
52.
Mann, Susan (1972) "Hung Liang-chi (1746-1809): the perception and articulation of political problems in late eighteenth century China." Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
53.
Mann, Susan (1975) "Scholasticism and politics in late eighteenth century China." Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i3, 4 (December).
54.
McKnight, Brian (1989) "Mandarins as legal experts: professional learning in Sung China," pp. 493-516 in Wm. T. de Bary and John Chaffee (eds.), Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
55.
Meskill, J. (1966) "Academies and politics in the Ming dynasty," pp. 149-174 in Charles Hucker (ed.), Chinese Government in Ming Times: Seven Studies: New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
56.
Meskill, J. (1982) Academies in Ming China: A Historical Essay. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press.
57.
Ming Shi [Ming History] (1982) Taibei: Dingwen Bookstore.
58.
Mizoguchi Yuzo (1978) "Iwayuru Torinha jinshin no shiso" [ The thought of the members of the so-called Donglin faction]. Toyo bunka kenkyujo kiyo75 (March).
59.
Munro, D. (1980) "The concept of 'interest' in Chinese thought." The History of Ideas41, 2 (April-June).
60.
Needham, Joseph (1970) Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
61.
Nishijima Sadao (1984) "The formation of the early Chinese cotton industry " (Linda Grove, trans.), pp. 17-77 in Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (eds.), State and Society in China: Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press .
62.
Nivison, David (1959) "Ho-shen and his accusers: ideology and political behavior in the eighteenth century," pp. 209-243 in David Nivison and Arthur Wright (eds.), Confucianism in Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
63.
Nivison, David (1960) "Protest against conventions and conventions of protest," pp. 177-201 in Arthur Wright (ed.), The Confucian Persuasion. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
64.
Okada Takehiko (1965) "Cho Yoen to Riku Futei" [Zhang Lixiang and Lu Shiyi]. Teoria9 (December): 1-30.
65.
Ono Kazuko (1962) "Minmatsu no kessha ni kan suru ichi kosatsu (jo to ge)" [Overview of late Ming societies and clubs, 1 and 2]. Shirin45, 2 (March): 37-67, 45, 3 (May): 67-92.
66.
Ono Kazuko (1980) "Torin to ko (ichi" [Study of the Donglin party, part 1]. Tohogakuho52: 563-594.
67.
Ono Kazuko (1983) "Torin to ko (ni" [Study of the Donglin party, part 2]. Tohogakuho55: 307-315.
68.
Ouyang Xiu (1967) Ouyang Wenzhong gongji [Collected Works of Ouyang Xiu]. Taibei: Commercial Press. Translation in Wm. de Bary et al. (eds.) (1960), Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
69.
Peterson, Willard (1979) Bitter Gourd: Fang 1-chih and the Impetus for Intellectual Change. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
70.
Qian Mu ( 1972) Zhongguo jin sanbainian xueshu shi [Intellectual History of China in the Last 300 Years]. Taibei: Commercial Press.
71.
Qian Yiji [comp.] (1893) Beizhuan ji (Collection of Epitaph Biographies .
72.
Rankin, M. (1982) "'Public opinion' and political power: Qingyi in late ninteenthcentury China." J. of Asian Studies41, 3 (May): 453-484.
73.
Sima Guang (1980) Zizhi tongjian [Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government]. 1980 reprint of PRC edition. Taibei: Hongshi Press.
74.
Struve, Lynn (forthcoming) "Continuity and change in early Ch'ing thought," in the Cambridge History of China, vol. 9, part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
75.
Tanaka Masatoshi (1984a) "Rural handicraft in Jiangnan in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries" (Linda Grove, trans.), pp. 81-100 in Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (eds.), State and Society in China: Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press.
76.
Tanaka Masatoshi (1984b) "Popular uprisings, rent resistance, and bondservant rebellions in the late Ming" (Joseph McDermott, trans.), pp. 165-214 in Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (eds.), State and Society in China: Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press.
77.
von derSprenkel, O.B. (1952) "High officials of the Ming: a note on the Ch'i Ch'ing Nien Piao of the Ming history." Bull. of the School of Oriental and African Studies14: 98-99.
78.
Wakeman, F. (1972) "The price of autonomy: intellectuals in Ming and Ch'ing politics." Daedalus101, 2.
79.
Wakeman, F. (1975) "Localism and loyalism during the Ch'ing conquest of Kiangnan: the tragedy of Chiangyin," in Frederic Wakeman, Jr., and Carolyn Grant (eds.), Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
80.
Waley, Arthur (1949) The Life and Times of Po Chu-i. London: Allen & Unwin.
81.
Wang Yangming (1959) Wang Yangming quanji [Complete Collection of Wang Yangming]. Hong Kong: Guangji Bookstore .
82.
Wechsler, Howard (1974) Mirror to the Son of Heaven: Wei Cheng at the Court of T'ang T'ai-tsung. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
83.
Woodside, A. (1983) "Some mid-Qing theorists of popular schools." Modern China9, 1: 3-35.
84.
Wuxi Jinkui xian zhi [Gazetteer of Wuxi and Jinkui Counties] ( 1814).
85.
Yang Qi ( 1981) "Ming mo Donglin dang yu Changzhou" [Changzhou and the late Ming Donglin party]. Changzhou gujin2: 201-220.
86.
Yao Nai ( 1907) Xibaoxuan quanji [Complete Collection from the Studio of Spring Aspirations]. Shanghai: Jiaojing shanfang edition.
87.
Yixing xian zhi [Gazetteer of Yixing xian] (1869).
88.
Yuan, Tsing (1978) "The porcelain industry at Ching-te-chen, 1550-1700 ." Ming Studies6 (Spring): 35-53.
89.
Yuan, Tsing (1979) "Urban riots and disturbances," pp. 277-320 in Jonathan Spence and John E. Wills, Jr. (eds.), From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
90.
Zhu Tan ( 1945) Mingji shetang yanjiu [Research on Ming dynasty societies and parties. Chongqing: Commercial Press.
91.
Zhu Xi (ca. 1522-1566) Zhu Wengong wenji [Collected Writings of Zhu Xi]. Shanghai: Sibu congkan photolithograph of Ming dynasty edition.
92.
Zurndorfer, H. (1981) "Chinese merchants and commerce in sixteenth century China," in Wilt Idema et al., Leiden Studies in Sinology. Leiden: E. J. Brill.