In the early 1950s, China engaged in several military actions, most notably in the Korean War. Nevertheless, the World Peace Council, an international organization sponsored by the Soviet Union, praised the country as a “fortress for the protection of world peace” in 1954. This hinged upon a very specific, bellicose understanding of “peacefulness,” which did not mean the rejection of war, but war against the “right” enemy. I discuss this understanding, its function within the international community, its embeddedness in international political thinking, and its promulgation among the Chinese population, using the example of a campaign in 1950 to collect signatures on a World Peace Council–authored appeal against the atomic bomb. Self-promotion as a peaceful nation in the bellicose sense served a variety of purposes for the young People’s Republic of China (PRC), most importantly the goal to instill bloc thinking in the PRC’s population and to gain prestige within the new international order of the Cold War.
ARLT (1952) “Bericht über die Versammlung der Mitarbeiter im Büro des Präsidiums am 7.3.1952” (Report on the Conference of the Employees at the Office of the Presidium on March 7, 1952). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
2.
BarashDavid P. [ed.] (2010) Approaches to Peace: A Reader in Peace Studies. 2nd ed.New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
3.
BartmanChristi Scott (2009) “Lawfare: use of the definition of aggressive war by the Soviet and Russian governments.” PhD diss., Bowling Green State Univ.
4.
Beijing City Third Session of the Second Conference of the People’s Representatives of All Groups 北京市第二届第三次各界人民代表会议 (2001) “关于在全市继续展开和平签名反对美国侵略台湾、朝鲜的决议” (Resolution on the whole city’s continuation of the development of the peace signature [campaign] to oppose the American aggression against Taiwan and Korea). Pp. 2:412 in XiaoyanTian 田小燕 and ChenLiu 刘琛 (eds.), 北京市重要文献选编 (An anthology of important Beijing municipal documents). Beijing: Zhongguo dang’an chubanshe.
5.
Belegschaft der VVB Druck (1952) “Protestresolution” (Protest resolution). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
6.
“Bericht von Jean Laffitte” [Report by Jean Laffitte] (1955) DZ 9/513. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
7.
BettsRichard K. (1992) “Systems for peace or causes of war? Collective security, arms control, and the new Europe.” International Security 17, 1: 5–43.
8.
BoulierJean (1950) “Pourquoi j’ai signé l’Appel de Stockholm” (Why I have signed the Stockholm Appeal). DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
9.
BradyAnne-Marie (2003) Making the Foreign Serve China: Managing Foreigners in the People’s Republic. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
10.
BrownJeremy (2007) “From resisting communists to resisting America: civil war and Korean War in southwest China, 1950–51.” Pp. 105–29 in BrownJeremyPickowiczPaul G. (eds.), Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
11.
BushJonathan A. (2002) “‘The supreme . . . crime’ and its origins: the lost legislative history of the crime of aggressive war.” Columbia Law Rev. 102, 8: 2324–2424.
12.
“Cahier de signatures” [Signature Notebook] (1950) DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
13.
CCCCP [Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party] (2013a) “中共中央关于支持保卫世界和平运动” (Directives from the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to support the movement to protect world peace). Vol. 3:63–64 in Central Archives, 2013.
14.
CCCCP (2013b) “中共中央关于争取两万万人参加和平签名运动的指示” (Directives from the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on [how to] strive to [get] 200 million people to participate in the peace signature movement). Vol. 3:249–51 in Central Archives, 2013.
15.
CCCCP (2013c) “中共中央关于组织赴朝慰问团的通知” (Notification of the Central Committee of the CCP on the organization of Solidarity Delegation to Korea). Vol. 5:47–48 in Central Archives, 2013.
16.
CCCCP (2013d) “中共中央关于继续做好和平签名工作的指示” (Directive by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party about continuing to do the peace signature work). Vol. 4:136–37 in Central Archives, 2013.
17.
Central Archives 中央档案馆 and CCCPC Party Document Research Office 中共中央文献研究室 [comp.] (2013) 中共中央文件选集 (Selected documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
18.
ChenJian (1994) China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
19.
ChenJian (2001) Mao’s China and the Cold War. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
20.
ChenWensheng 陈文胜 (2012) “1950年的北京市和平签名运动” (The peace signature campaign in Beijing in 1950). 当代中国史研究 19, 6: 85–92.
21.
ChenYue 陈岳 (2005) “‘中国威胁论’与中国和平崛起: 一种‘层次分析’法的解读” (The “China threat discourse” and China’s peaceful rise: an interpretation based on the method of “level of analysis”). 外交评论 82 (Mar.): 93–99.
22.
ChengKai 程凯 (2013) “和平意愿与中共的政治动员: 1950年的‘和平签名运动’” (The desire for peace and the CCP’s political mobilization: the 1950 “peace signature campaign”). 文化纵横 4 (April): 72–79.
23.
ChestermanSimon (2014) “Humanitarian intervention and R2P.” Pp. 488–99 in WeissThomas G.WilkinsonRorden (eds.). International Organization and Global Governance. London: Routledge.
24.
CLAUDEINIS L.Jr. (1964) Power and International Relations. New York: Random House.
25.
CoadyC. A. J. (2008) Morality and Political Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
26.
CoatesA. J. (1997) The Ethics of War. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press.
27.
CookAlexander C. (2010) “Third world Maoism.” Pp. 288–311 in CheekTimothy (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Mao. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
28.
CPPCC [Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference] (2013) “中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会号召全国人民展开保卫世界和平签名运动的办法” (The national committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference calls upon the people of the whole nation to develop methods for a signature campaign to protect world peace). Vol. 3:170–73 in Central Archives, 2013.
29.
CraigCampbellRadchenkoSergey (2008) The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
30.
De GradaR.LafitteJ. (1950) “Letter from the World Peace Council,” Oct. 6. DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
31.
DengLiqun 邓力群 [ed.] (1999) 中华人民共和国国史百科全书 (Encyclopedia of the national history of the People’s Republic of China). Beijing: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe.
32.
Di CosmoNicola (2009) “Introduction.” Pp. 1–22 in Di CosmoNicola (ed.), Military Culture in Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
33.
DiamantNeil J. (2010) Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
34.
DreyerJune Teufel (2008) “US-China relations: engagement or talking past each other?” J. of Contemporary China 17, 57: 591–609.
35.
“Ergebnis der Unterschriftensammlung zur Ächtung der Atombombe” [Result of the collection of signatures for the condemnation of the atomic bomb] (1950) DZ 9/136. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
36.
FairbankJohn King (1974) “Introduction: varieties of the Chinese military experience.” Pp. 1–26 in KiermanFrank AlgertonFairbankJohn King (eds.), Chinese Ways in Warfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
37.
FriedMorton H. (1952) “Military status in Chinese society.” American J. of Sociology 57, 4: 347–57.
38.
GaltungJohan (2013) “Positive and negative peace.” Pp. 173–78 in FischerDietrich (ed.), Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Dordrecht: Springer.
39.
GuoMoruo (1951) “Kuo Mo Jo (China).” DZ 9/153. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
40.
GuoMoruo (1952) “Texte du message télégraphique adressé le 25 février 1952 par M. KUO MO JO vice-président du Conseil Mondial de la Paix, au Président M. JOLIOT-CURIE” (Text of the telegram by Mr. Guo Moruo, vice president of the World Peace Council, addressed on 25 February 1952 to President Joliot-Curie). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
GuyotFernande (1950b) “Letter to the German Committee of the Partisans for Peace,” Oct. 12. DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
43.
HarrisonHenrietta (2013) “Popular responses to the atomic bomb in China 1945–1955.” Past & Present 218 (suppl 8): 98–116.
44.
Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Resistance to America and Aid for Korea 中国人民抗美援朝总会 (1951a) 抗美援朝歌选 (A selection of Resist America Aid Korea songs). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
45.
Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Resistance to America and Aid for Korea (1951b) “中国人民保卫世界和平反对美国侵略委员关于组织中国人民赴朝慰问团的通知” (Notification by the Chinese People’s Committee for the Protection of World Peace and Resistance against American Aggression on the foundation of the Chinese People’s Solidarity Delegation to the Volunteers in Korea). 人民日报, Jan. 25.
46.
Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Resistance to America and Aid for Korea (1951c) 世界和平理事第一届会议重要报告及决议 (Important reports and resolutions of the first meeting of the World Peace Council). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
47.
Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Resistance to America and Aid for Korea (1951d) 怎样在农村中开展抗美援朝运动? (How to launch the Resist America Aid Korea Movement in the countryside?). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
48.
HirschFrancine (2008) “The Soviets at Nuremberg: international law, propaganda, and the making of the postwar order.” American Historical Rev. 113, 1: 701–30.
49.
HorsburghNicola (2015) China and Global Nuclear Order: From Estrangement to Active Engagement. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
50.
JiangLingjia 江陵嘉 (1950) 世界和平运动 (The world peace movement). 2nd ed.Shanghai: Renren chubanshe.
51.
Jiefang 解放 (1938) “西班牙反侵略战争二周年” (Two years of Spain’s opposition to the invasion war), no. 45: 20–28.
52.
Joliot-CurieFréDéRic (1952) “Communiqué de Monsieur Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Président du Conseil Mondial de la Paix” (Communique from Monsieur Frédéric Joliot-Curie, president of the World Peace Council). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
53.
KangDavid C. (2007) China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
54.
KestenbaumJocelyn Getgen (2016) “Closing impunity gaps for the crime of aggression.” Chicago J. of International Law 17, 1: 51–80.
55.
LaffitteJean (1950a) “Bericht des Sekretariats” (Report of the Secretariat). DZ 9/3641. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
56.
LaffitteJean (1950b) “Letter,” Mar. 30. DZ 9/3621. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
LaffitteJean (1950e) “Letter from Jean Laffitte,” June3. DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
60.
LaffitteJean (1952a) “Letter to the German Peace Committee,” Mar. 13. DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
61.
LaffitteJean (1952b) “Letter to the German Peace Committee,” April9. DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
62.
LaffitteJeanBorsariP. (1950) “Letter,” Aug. 29. DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
63.
LazarSeth (2009) “Responsibility, risk, and killing in self-defense.” Ethics 119 (July): 699–728.
64.
LeninV. I. (1987) “Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism.” Pp. 177–270 in ChristmanHenry M. (ed.), Essential Works of Lenin: “What Is to Be Done?” and Other Writings. New York: Dover.
65.
LiLifeng李里峰 (2014) “群众运动与乡村治理: 1945-1976年中国基层政治的一个解释框架” (Mass movements and rural governance: an explanatory framework for Chinese grassroots politics, 1945–1976). 江苏社会科学1: 218–30.
66.
LiYuying 李玉莺 (1954) “中国必须参加国际事务的处理” (China must participate in the handling of international matters). 保卫和平 32 (Feb.): 32–38.
67.
LiuNiefu 刘涅夫 (1935) “侵略战争爆发了” (An aggressive war has erupted). 礼拜六611: 209–10.
LorgePeter Allan (2013) “Introduction.” Pp. 1–12 in LorgePeter Allan (ed.), Debating War in Chinese History. Leiden: Brill.
70.
MantenaKaruna (2012) “Another realism: the politics of Gandhian nonviolence.” American Political Science Rev. 106, 2: 455–80.
71.
MattenMarc Andre (2016) Imagining a Postnational World: Hegemony and Space in Modern China. Leiden: Brill.
72.
MccordEdward A. (1996) “Warlords against warlordism: the politics of anti-militarism in early twentieth-century China.” Modern Asian Studies 30, 4: 795–827.
73.
McmahanJeff (2006) “The ethics of killing in war.” Philosophia 34, 23: 23–41.
74.
MearsheimerJohn J. (1994) “The false promise of international institutions.” International Security 19, 3: 5–49.
75.
OdgaardLiselotte (2012) China and Coexistence: Beijing’s National Security Strategy for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
76.
Peace News (1953a) “Signature campaign for negotiations in India,” no. 39 (Aug.): 1–2.
77.
Peace News (1953b) “Signature campaign in Lebanon against integration into any military pact,” no. 44 (Oct.): 4.
78.
PerduePeter C. (2005) China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
79.
PerryElizabeth J. (1980) Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845–1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
80.
“Prix internationaux de la paix” [International Peace Prize] (1953) DZ 9/988. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
81.
QiaoZhaohong 乔兆红 (2005) “朝鲜战争与中国的台湾问题” (The Korean War and China’s Taiwan question). 当代中国史研究 12, 5: 94–102, 128.
82.
QinMinghui 秦明慧 (1996) “在那战地金达莱重新怒放的季节: 1952年参加中国人民赴朝慰问团活动片段散议” (The season where the rhododendron is newly in full bloom on that battlefield: a fragmentary recollection of my participation in the 1952 Chinese People’s Solidarity Delegation to Korea). 新文化史料 (Feb.): 38–40.
83.
RachadIbrahim (1955) “Dr. Ibrahim Rachad (Ägypten)” (Dr. Ibrahim Rachad [Egypt]). DZ 9/407. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
84.
RawlsJohn (1999) The Law of Peoples, with “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited.” Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
85.
RenggerNicholas (2016) “The philosophy of peace.” Pp. 45–56 in RichmondOliver P.PogoddaSandraRamovićJasmin (eds.), Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Approaches to Peace. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
86.
Renmin ribao 人民日报 (1950a) “中国保卫世界和平大会委员会通告” (Announcement of the Chinese Committee of the Council for the Protection of World Peace), April29.
87.
Renmin ribao (1950b) “本报为开展和平签名运动启事” (Announcement of this newspaper’s launch of a peace signature movement), May15.
Renmin ribao (1950d) “为了和平, 大家签名” (Everybody signs for peace), May16.
90.
Renmin ribao (1950e) “和平力量不可抗拒” (You cannot resist the power of peace), May18.
91.
Renmin ribao (1950f) “以积极行动争取和平!” (Actively fighting for peace!), Dec. 27.
92.
Renmin ribao (1952) “和平解决德国问题的根本方案” (The fundamental program for peacefully solving the German question), Mar. 14.
93.
Renmin ribao (1956) “为争取和平解放台湾而奋斗” (Struggling to fight for peacefully liberating Taiwan), Feb. 4.
94.
RosenthalPeggy (2010) “Peace symbols, History of.” In YoungNigel J. (ed.), Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
95.
SalomonAgnusZirkelleiterlehrgang I.G. Druck und Papier (1952) “Protestresolution” (Protest resolution). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
96.
SaranankaraU. (1955) “Priester U. Saranankara (Ceylon)” (Priest U. Saranankara [Ceylon]). DZ 9/407. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
97.
SchirendibB. (1955) “B. Schirendib (Mong. Volksrepublik)” (B. Schirendib [People’s Republic of Mongolia]). DZ 9/407. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
98.
SchlagaRüdiger (1991) Die Kommunisten in der Friedensbewegung—erfolglos? Die Politik des Weltfriedensrates im Verhältnis zur Aussenpolitik der Sowjetunion und zu unabhängigen Friedensbewegungen im Westen (1950–1979) (The communists in the peace movement—unsuccessful? The politics of the World Peace Council in relation to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and to independent peace movements in the West [1950–1979]). Münster: Lit.
99.
SellarsKirsten (2013) “Crimes against Peace” and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
ShenZhihuaLiDanhui (2011) After Leaning to One Side: China and Its Allies in the Cold War. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
102.
Shenbao 申报 (1929) “欧洲经济联盟案内容: 制裁侵略战争, 设立多数市场” (The case of the European Economic and Monetary Union), Sept. 16.
103.
Shenbao (1937) “日阁议承认: 说了大本营案, 一切军事行政受统治准备作长期侵略 战争” (The Japanese cabinet conference acknowledges: act for the establishment of a big camp, all military administration receives the command to prepare for a long-term aggressive war), Nov. 17.
104.
Shenbao (1939) “被俘日官组织反侵略战争同盟” (Captured Japanese soldiers organize an alliance against invasion war), Aug. 4.
105.
ShklarJudith N. (1964) Legalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
106.
SkocpolTheda (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
107.
SmithCraig A. (2017) “China as the leader of the weak and small: the ruoxiao nations and Guomindang nationalism.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review24 (Sept.): 36–60.
TaylorIsaac (2017) “Just war theory and the military response to terrorism.” Social Theory and Practice 43, 4: 717–40.
110.
Tilanqiao District Committee Propaganda Department 提篮桥区委宣传部 (1950) “提籃橋區和平签名运动的情况” (The situation of the peace signature campaign in Tilanqiao district). A 22-2-04-10 3. Shanghai Municipal Archives 上海市档案馆.
111.
TongQingping 童庆平 (2011) “鲜为人知的‘中国人民第一届赴朝慰问团’” (The little-known “First Chinese People’s Solidarity Delegation to Korea”). 党史纵横2: 21–24.
112.
TsagouriasNicholasWhiteNigel D. (2015) Collective Security: Theory, Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
UNSC (United Nations Security Council) (1950a) “Security Council official records, 27 June 1950.” S/PV.474. United Nations Archives, Official Document System. http://undocs.org/S/PV.474.
115.
UNSC (1950b) “Resolution concerning the complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea.” S/1511. United Nations Archives, Official Document System. http://undocs.org/S/1511.
116.
Van De VenHans J. (1996) “War in the making of modern China.” Modern Asian Studies 30, 4: 737–56.
117.
WadaHaruki (2014) The Korean War: An International History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
118.
WaldronArthur (1991) “The warlord: twentieth-century Chinese understandings of violence, militarism, and imperialism.” American Historical Rev. 96, 4: 1073–1100.
119.
Waley-CohenJoanna (2006) The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty. London: I.B. Tauris.
120.
WalzerMichael (1978) Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. London: Allen Lane.
121.
WangYiwei 王义桅 (2011) “超越和平崛起: 中国实施包容性崛起战略的必要性与可能性” (Beyond the peaceful rise: the necessity and possibility of the implementation of China’s inclusive rise). 世界经济与政治8: 140–60.
122.
WillmannHeinzBeckerGeorg O. (1950) “Letter to Jean Laffitte,” July10. DZ 9/1707. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
123.
WittnerLawrence S. (1993) One World or None: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement through 1953. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
124.
World Peace Council (1952) “Übersetzung eines Schreibens des Weltfriedensrates an das Deutsche Friedenskomitee” (Translation of a letter from the World Peace Council to the German Peace Committee). DZ 9/1228. Friedensrat der DDR, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde.
125.
Xin Zhonghua 新中华 (1945) “世界反侵略战争是不可分的” (The world’s wars against aggression cannot be separated), no. 3: 6.
126.
XuXiaoming 徐孝明 (2013) “论朝鲜战争的起源与中国参战: 斯大林、金日成、毛泽东与朝鲜战争” (A discussion of the origins of the Korean War and China’s participation in the war: Stalin, Kim Il-sung, Mao Zedong, and the Korean War). 湛江师范学院学报 34, 4: 65-71.
127.
Xuexi 学习 (1941a) “小词典: 侵略战争” (Little dictionary: war of aggression) 3, 12: 306.
128.
Xuexi (1941b) “小词典: 反侵略战争” (Little dictionary: war against aggression) 3, 12: 306.
129.
YangKuisong 杨奎松 (2006a) “毛泽东与‘三反’运动” (Mao Zedong and the “Three-Anti” campaign). 史林4: 51–69.
130.
YangKuisong (2006b) “新中国‘镇压反革命’运动研究” (A study on the campaign to “suppress counter-revolutionaries” in the new China). 史学月刊1: 45-61.
131.
YangLijun 杨丽君 (2013) “‘保卫世界和平运动’: 东方阵营应对西方冷战的意识形态行为” (“The world peace movement”: the Eastern bloc responds to the ideology and behavior of the Cold War of the West). 黑龙江社会科学1: 133–38.
132.
YinJohn (1971) Sino-Soviet Dialogue on the Problem of War. The Hague: Nijhoff.
133.
ZhangBiwu (2015) “Chinese perceptions of US return to Southeast Asia and the prospect of China’s peaceful rise.” J. of Contemporary China 24, 91: 176–95.
134.
ZhangQiyuan 张启元 (2011) “参加‘中国人民首届赴朝慰问团’回顾” (Looking back on my participation in the “First Chinese People’s Solidarity Delegation to Korea”). 百年潮9: 56–63.
135.
ZhangZeyu 张泽宇 (2014) “苏联核工程的决策管理体系述论 (1945-1955)” (The policy-making and management system of the Soviet Union’s nuclear engineering [1945–1955]). 朕略决策研究1: 37–47.
136.
ZhangZeyu (2017) “苏联核工业系创建述论 (1945-1953): 基于苏联解密档案的研究” (The establishment of the Soviet nuclear industrial system [1945–1953]: research based on the declassified archives of the Soviet Union). 史学集刊2 (Mar.): 109–19.
137.
ZhaoTingyang 赵汀阳 (2011) 天下体系: 世界制度哲学导论 (The tianxia system: an introduction to the philosophy of world institution). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe.
138.
ZhouEnlai 周恩来 (1951) “周总理致李德全萧三电” (Telegram from Premier Zhou to Li Dequan and Xiao San). Folder 113-00067-01. Declassified Archive of the Archives of the Foreign Ministry.
139.
ZuoFengrong 左凤荣 (2010) “斯大林最后同意打朝鲜战争的原因” (The reason for Stalin’s eventual decision to fight the Korean War). 俄罗斯研究4: 110-22.
