This article starts with the entirety of the Chinese “justice system,” past and present, to reconsider informal justice (among the people) and formal justice (of the state), emphasizing especially the interdependence, overlap, and interaction of the civil and criminal justice systems. It then compares the justice system to the analytical framework employed by the “Rule of Law Index” of the World Justice Project (WJP), to bring out the similarities and differences between the “Sinitic legal tradition” and modern Western justice, and also the sharp contrasts between Chinese mediation and Western “alternative dispute resolution” (ADR). The purpose of the article is to demonstrate how a number of influential common assumptions are mistaken, and how the Sinitic legal tradition remains important in contemporary justice, not just of China but also the other major “East Asian civilization” countries. The purpose is to search for a path that would go beyond the either/or binary opposition between the Chinese and the Western, and the past and the present.
The Qing code—Da Qing lüli 大清律例—is cited according to Xue Yunsheng’s 读例存疑, as edited by JingjiaHuang, and by the statute and substatute numbers he added.
2.
BaumHarald (2013) “Mediation in Japan: development, forms, regulation and practice of out-of-court dispute resolution.” Pp. 1011–94 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
3.
BernhardtKathryn (1996) “A Ming-Qing transition in Chinese women’s history? The perspective from law.” Pp. 42–58 in HershatterGailHonigEmilyLipmanJonathan N.StrossRandall (eds.), Remapping China: Fissures in Historical Terrain. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
4.
BernhardtKathryn (1999) Women and Property in China, 960–1949. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
CallisterRonda RobertsWallJames A. (1997) “Japanese community and organizational mediation.” J. of Conflict Resolution41, 2 (April): 311–28.
7.
Ch’ü T’ung-Tsu [Qu Tongzu 瞿同祖] (1961) Law and Society in Traditional China. Paris: Mouton.
8.
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (1998) “European principles on family mediation.”www.mediate.com/articles/EuroFam.cfm (accessed July 2005).
De RooAnnieJagtenbergRob (2002) “Mediation in the Netherlands, past-present-future.” Electronic J. of Comparative Law6, 4 (Dec.). www.ejcl.org/64/art64-8.html (accessed July 2005).
11.
FairbankJohn KingReischauerEdwin O.CraigAlbert M. (1965) East Asia: The Modern Transformation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
GalanterMarc (1985) “‘A settlement judge, not a trial judge’: judicial mediation in the United States.” J. of Law and Society12, 1 (Spring): 1–18.
14.
GalanterMarc (2004) “The vanishing trial: an examination of trials and related matters in federal and state courts.” J. of Empirical Legal Studies1, 3 (Nov.): 459–570.
15.
GreyThomas C (2014) Formalism and Pragmatism in American Law. Leiden: Brill.
16.
HendersonDan Fenno (1965) Conciliation and Japanese Law: Tokugawa and Modern. 2 vols. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.
17.
HuanchunHong洪焕椿 (1988) 明清苏州农村经济资料 (Source materials on the agrarian economy of Suzhou during the Ming and Qing). 南京: 江苏古籍出版社.
18.
HoptKlaus J.SteffekFelix (2013) “Mediation: comparison of laws, regulatory models, and fundamental issues.” Pp. 3–130 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
19.
HoptKlaus J.SteffekFelix [eds.] (2013) Mediation: Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
20.
HuangJingping黄京平ZhenZhen甄贞FenglinLiu刘凤林 (2006) “和谐社会构建中的刑事和解——‘和谐社会语境下的刑事和解’研讨会学术观点综述” (Criminal mediation in the constructing of a harmonious society—a summary of academic viewpoints of the conference “Criminal mediation in the discursive context of a harmonious society”). 中国刑事法杂志5: 108–115.
21.
HuangPhilip C. C. (1996) Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
22.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2001) Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
23.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2008) “Centralized minimalism: semiformal governance by quasi officials and dispute resolution in China.” Modern China34, 1 (Jan.): 9–35.
24.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2010) Chinese Civil Justice, Past and Present. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
25.
HuangPhilip C. C. (2015) “Morality and law in China, past and present.” Modern China41, 1 (Jan.): 3–39.
26.
HuangPhilip C. C.BernhardtKathryn [eds.] (2014) The History and Theory of Legal Practice in China: Toward a Historical-Social Jurisprudence. Leiden: Brill.
27.
HuangPhilip C. C.GaoYuan (2015) “Should social science and jurisprudence imitate natural science?” Modern China41, 2 (Mar.): 131–67.
28.
HuangZongzhi黄宗智 [PHILIP C. C. HUANG] (2010) “中西法律如何融合? 道德、权利与实用” (How to amalgamate Chinese and Western law? Morality, rights, and practical use). 中外法学5: 721–36.
29.
HuangZongzhi [PHILIP C. C. HUANG] (2013) “重新认识中国劳动人民——劳动法规的历史演变与当前的非正规经济” (Re-thinking China’s laboring people—historical changes in Chinese labor laws and the current informal economy). 开放时代5: 56–73.
30.
HuangZongzhi [PHILIP C. C. HUANG] (2014) 清代以来民事法律的表达与实践: 历史、理论与现实 (Representation and practice in civil justice since the Qing: history, theory, and the present). 3 vols., expanded edition. 北京: 法律出版社.
31.
JingJunjian经君健 (1981) “论清代社会的等级结构” (On the structure of status groups in the Qing). 经济研究所集刊3. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.
32.
KulmsRainer (2013) “Mediation in the USA: alternative dispute resolution between legalism and self-determination.” Pp. 1245–1328 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
33.
LaiJunnan赖骏楠 (2014) “Reconstructing Max Weber’s ‘sociology of law’: the power of idealism and the limits of objectivity.” Pp. 413–40 in Huang and Bernhardt, 2014.
34.
LangdellChristopher Columbus (1880) A Summary of the Law of Contracts. Boston: Little, Brown.
35.
LewisLinda Sue (1984) “Mediation and judicial process in a Korean district court.” PhD diss., Columbia Univ.
36.
LiGuilian李贵连 (1994) “近代中国法律的变革与日本影响” (Changes in law in modern China and the influence of Japan). 比较法研究1: 24–34.
37.
MaXiaohong马小红 (2014) “中华法系中‘礼’‘律’关系之辨正——质疑中国法律史研究中的某些‘定论’” (Differentiating “propriety-morality” and “legal statutes” and clarifying the relationship between them—questioning certain “fixed conclusions” in Chinese legal history research). 法学研究1: 171–89.
MarshallTony F. (1999) “Restorative justice: an overview.” Home Office, Research Development and Statistics Directorate.
40.
MccoldPaul (2006) “The recent history of restorative justice.” Pp. 23–51 in SullivanDennisTifftLarry (eds.), Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective. London: Routledge.
41.
QuMaohui屈茂辉KuangKai匡凯 (2014) “传统法学的几何学范式论析” (An analysis of the geometry paradigm in traditional jurisprudence). 法学家3: 133–44.
42.
ReischauerEdwin O.FairbankJohn K. (1958 and 1960) East Asia: The Great Tradition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
43.
SchmeidelLiane (2013) “Mediation in the Netherlands: between state promotion and private regulation.” Pp. 697–774 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
44.
SherpeJensMartenBevan (2013) “Mediation in England and Wales: regulation and practice.” Pp. 365–454 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
45.
SohnDong-WonWallJames A.Jr. (1993) “Community mediation in South Korea: a city-village comparison.” J. of Conflict Resolution37, 3 (Sept.): 536–43.
46.
SpeerAnneken Kari (2013) “Mediation in Norway: ‘faster, cheaper, and more friendly.’” Pp. 1137–64 in Hopt and Steffek, 2013.
47.
SuChengjie苏成捷[Matthew Sommer] (2009) “清代县衙的卖妻案件审判: 以272件巴县、南部和宝坻县案子为例证” (Adjudging wife-selling cases in the Qing yamen: with 272 Baxian, Nanbu and Baodi cases as evidence). Pp. 345–96 in ChenXiyuan陈熙远QiuPengsheng邱澎生 (eds.), 明清法律运作中的权力与文化. 台北: 中央研究院、联经出版公司.
48.
SubrinStephen N.WooMargaret Y. K. (2006) Litigating in America: Civil Procedure in Context. New York: Aspen Publishers.
WallJames A.Jr.BlumMichaelCallisterRonda R.JinDeng JianKimNam-HyeongSohnDong-Won (1998) “Mediation in the US, China, Japan, and Korea.” Security Dialogue29, 2: 235–48.
51.
WeberMax (1978 [1968]) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. RothGuentherWittichClaus, eds.; FischoffEphraim trans. 2 vols. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Zhonghua Suweiai Gongheguo hunyin tiaoli 中华苏维埃共和国婚姻条例 [Marriage regulations of the Chinese Soviet Republic] (1983 [1931]) 纳入湖北财经学院编, 中华人民共和国婚姻法资料选编. Np.
60.
ZhuJingwen朱景文 [ed.] (2011) 中国法律发展报告 2011: 走向多元化的法律实施 (Report on China’s legal development: toward the multifaceted implemen-tation of law). 北京: 中国人民大学出版社.
