In November 1891, Jindan, Zaili, and Wushengmen sectarians rose up in revolt in eastern Inner Mongolia, a region where Mongols and Han lived interspersed. The Chinese rebels attacked Mongol banner offices and burned Catholic churches during the month-long rebellion. This uprising is best understood in the context of Qing policies that differentiated between Mongol and Han subjects, privileging the Mongol banner organizations that enjoyed near-exclusive control over land and resources in the area. While the uprising was orchestrated by popular religious sects, the social tensions resulting from Qing administrative practice should be considered the underlying cause of the revolt. Following the rebellion, the Qing court readdressed its policies in the region, with the result that Mongol banner privileges were constrained in favor of Han interests; these changes foreshadowed the reforms of the New Policies period.
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