Breaking from practice in the rest of China, local officials in Republican Kunming selected an unusual strategy for controlling prostitution: police-managed brothel compounds called jiyuan. In the face of social resistance from many groups, the jiyuan subjected prostitutes to unusually high levels of surveillance and state intervention, as a local state bureaucracy was created to monitor the brothels. This phenomenon is theoretically significant because it illustrates how apparently “private” gender systems result in distinct local state formations.
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