The article examines the important role that the Hunan First Normal School and the changing Chinese elite, especially Yang Changji, played in fostering and shaping the careers and thoughts of so many radical intellectuals (including Mao) who became the founding figures of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and later the leaders of China. Deeply rooted in neo-Confucianism, but also well known as a man of Western learning, Yang stressed an ethical framework very much oriented toward social change. The students who looked to this mentor for intellectual guidance absorbed a strong sense of responsibility to society, with an emphasis on education and morality that took on a spiritual dimension. The article also looks at how the new school system and the scholars like Yang who taught in it helped to nurture study societies such as the Xinmin xuehui that were of central importance to the formation and growth of the CCP.
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