This study highlights the administration of social welfare and philanthropy in Guangzhou in the 1930s. It aims to elucidate three important points about state-society relationships under warlordism. First, a warlord could not afford to ignore the needs of society, for satisfying such needs (or at least making attempts to satisfy such needs) was vital to the credibility and survival of his regime. Second, a warlord would have little problem funding social welfare projects, for he always had recourse to extrabudgetary sources of revenue to finance desired undertakings. And third, the administration of social welfare and philanthropy by a warlord was an integral part of his drive toward total control of state and society. Indeed, care and control made up the two sides of a warlord’s strategy of governance: care laid the foundation of stable rule, whereas control served as the means to safeguard this foundation.
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