Abstract
Abstract
The official need to tackle urban unemployment and reform state establishments, together with unequal privileges granted by the state, formed the critical context for staff recruitment in the early People’s Republic of China. This article, which examines hiring in secondary schools in Shanghai, shows that none of the elements mentioned was aimed at the political or technical needs of work organizations. As a result, the organizations that fell on the lower level of the socialist institutional hierarchy received staff members they did not want. In Shanghai secondary schools, large numbers of people whom the state considered politically suspicious or academically unprepared joined the faculty, even as the state was attempting to develop a system of socialist education. Their recruitment both accelerated the state’s need to tighten political control in schools and damaged classroom teaching. The impact of this policy on the campus lasted well into the Cultural Revolution.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BENNETT, GORDON and RONALD MONTAPERTO (1971 ) Red Guard: The Political Biography of Dai Hsiao-ai. London: Allen & Unwin.
2.
BOORMAN, HOWARD L. [ed.] (1967 ) Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. Vol. 3. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
3.
CHANG, JULIAN (1997 ) “The mechanics of state propaganda: the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Unionin the 1950s.” Pp. 76 -124 in Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich (eds.), New Perspectives on State Socialism in China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
4.
CHEN XUEXUN [ed.] (1994 )Zhongguojiaoyushi yanjiu: xiandai fenjuan (Research on the history of Chinese education: volume on the contemporary period). Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe.
5.
COHEN, JEROME (1968 ) The Criminal Process in the People’s Republic of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
6.
GAO, YANG (1987 ) Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
7.
HARDING, HARRY (1981 ) Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy, 1949-1976. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
8.
HINTON, WILLIAM (1968 ) Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York: Random House.
9.
HOWE, CHRISTOPHER (1971 ) Employment and Economic Growth in Urban China, 1949-1957. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
10.
HUNTER, NEALE (1969 ) Shanghai Journal: An Eyewitness Account of the Cultural Revolution. New York: Praeger.
11.
Jing’an Chuzhi [Jing’an District History] (1996 ). Shanghai: Shanghai Shehui Kexueyuan Chubanshe.
12.
KAU, YING-MAO (1971 ) “Patterns of recruitment and mobility of urban cadres.” Pp. 91 -121 in John W. Lewis (ed.), The City in Communist China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
13.
Lao Shanghai mingren mingshi mingwu daguan [An overview of notable people, events, places, and things in old Shanghai] (1997 ) Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
14.
LEE, HONG YUNG (1991 )From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
15.
LEUNG, EDWIN PAK-WAH [ed.] (1992 ) Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839-1976. New York: Greenwood.
16.
LI DEHONG [ed.] (1997 )Shanghaishi zhongxue jiaoshi yundong shiliao xuan (Selected materials on the secondary school teachers’ movement in Shanghai). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe.
17.
LI HUAXING [ed.] (1997 ) Minguo jiaoyushi (The history of education in the Republican era). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe.
18.
LIANG, HENG and JUDITH SHAPIRO (1983 )Son of the Revolution. New York: Random House.
19.
LIEBERTHAL, KENNETH (1980 ) Revolution and Tradition in Tientsin, 1949-1952. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
20.
LÜXINGWEI (1994 ) Shanghai putong jiaoyushi 1949-1989 (The history of Shanghai education). Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe.
21.
Minguo renwu dacidian [Comprehensive dictionary of notable characters in the Republican era] (1991 ) Hebei: Hebei renmin chubanshe.
22.
PEPPER, SUZANNE (1996 ) Radicalism and Education Reform in Twentieth-Century China: The Search for an Ideal Development Model. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
23.
PRIESTLEY, K. E. (1971 ) “Education in the People’s Republic of China: beginnings.” Pp. 49 -80 in Stewart E. Fraser (ed.), Education and Communism in China: An Anthology of Commentary and Documents. London: Pall Mall Press.
24.
SCHURMANN, FRANZ (1968 ) Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
25.
Shanghai zibenzhuyi gongshangye de shehuizhuyi gaizao [The socialist transformation of Shanghai’s capitalist industry and commerce] (1980 ) Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
26.
Shanghaishi jiaoyuju yewu baogao [Business report from the Shanghai Education Bureau] (1930 ) Shanghai: Shanghaishi jiaoyuju.
27.
Shanghaishi renmin zhengfu gejuchu yijiuwulingnian gongzuo baogao [Shanghai municipal government’s 1950 report on the work of bureaus and divisions] (1951 ) Shanghai: Shanghai renmin zhengfu bangongshi.
28.
Shanghaishi zhongdeng jiaoyu gaikuang [An overview of Shanghai secondary education] (1948 ) Shanghai: Shanghaishi jiaoyuju.
29.
SHEN ZUI (2001 ) Juntong neimu (The inside story of the Military Bureau of Statistics and Investigation). Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe.
30.
TAYLOR, ROBERT (1981 ) China’s Intellectual Dilemma: Politics and University Enrollment, 1949-1978. Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press.
31.
TEIWES, FREDERICK C. (1997 ) “The establishment and consolidation of the new regime, 1949-1957.” Pp. 5 -86 in Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.), The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
32.
U, EDDY (2003 ) “The making of zhishifenzi: the critical impact of the registration of unemployed intellectuals in the early PRC.” China Quarterly, no. 173: 100 -121.
33.
VOGEL, EZRA (1969 ) Canton under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital, 1949-1968. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
34.
WHITE, GORDON (1981 ) Party and Professionals: The Political Role of Teachers in Contemporary China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
35.
WHYTE, MARTIN and WILLIAM PARISH (1984 ) Urban Life in Contemporary China. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
36.
WU LI (1994 ) “Jianguo chuqi dang guanyu jiuye wenti de zhengce” (The CCP policies on employment in the first years of nation building). Pp. 66 -80 in Zhonggong dangshi ziliao 52 (Materials on the history of the Chinese Communist Party). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe.
37.
XIANG BOLONG [ed.] (1996 ) “Huiyi jiefang chuqi Shanghaishi zhongdeng xuexiao jiaozhiyuan de sixiang gaizao yundong” (Remembering the Thought Reform campaign for secondary school faculty and staff members in Shanghai in the wake of the revolution). Pp. 42 -48 in Zhonggong Shanghaishi jiaoyu weisheng tiyu xitong dangshi wenji (Collections of Party historical materials on the Shanghai systems of education, health, and sports). Shanghai: Tongji daxue chubanshe.
38.
YEH, WEN-HSIN (1997 ) “Republican origins of the danwei: the case of Shanghai’s Bank of China.” Pp. 60 -90 in Xiaobu Lü and Elizabeth Perry (eds.), Danwei: The Changing Chinese Workplace in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
39.
YEH, WEN-HSIN (1998 ) “Urban warfare and underground resistance: heroism in the Chinese Secret Service during the War of Resistance.” Pp. 111 -132 in Wen-hsin Yeh (ed.), Wartime Shanghai. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
40.
Zhongguo gongchandangzai Shanghai 1921-1991 [The Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai] (1991 ) Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
41.
Zhonghua minguo sanshiwunian Shanghaishi jiaoyu tongji [Shanghai’s education statistics in the 35th year of Republican rule] (1947 ) Shanghai: Shanghaishi jiaoyuju.