Prostitution Taxes and Local State Building in Republican China

Anhui sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Anhui Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (1993) Anhui sheng zhi gongan zhi (Anhui province public security gazetteer) . [Hefei?]: Anhui renmin chubanshe.

Caizhengbu [Public Finance Ministry] (1914 ) Jiangxi quansheng caizheng shuoming shu (Jiangxi all-province public finance guide). N.p.: Caizhengbu.

Chen Mingshu (1929a) Guangdong caizheng yaolan (Important readings on Guangdong public finance). Guangzhou: Guangdong sheng zhengfu.

---. ( 1929b) Guangzhou shi gonganju niankan (Guangzhou municipal public safety bureau annual). Guangzhou: n.p.

CHEN ZHUANGREN (1997) "Minguo shiqi Shaanxi changliao saomiao" (An overview of Republican-era Shaanxi brothels), pp. 612-23 in "Wenshi Jinghua" Bianjibu (Editorial Department of "The Best of Literature and History") (ed.), Jindai Zhongguo changji shiliao (Historical materials on prostitution in modern China). Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe.

Duara, Prasenjit (1988) Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900-1942. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.

Fitzgerald, John (1990) "Increased disunity: the politics and finance of Guangdong separatism, 1926-1936." Modern Asian Studies 24, 4: 745-75.

Foshan shi caizhengju [Foshan Municipality Public Finance Bureau ] [ed.] (1989) Foshan shi caizheng zhi (Foshan municipality public finance gazetteer). Guangzhou: Zhongshan daxue chubanshe.

Fujian sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Fujian Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1997) Fujian sheng zhi gongan zhi (Fujian province public security gazetteer). Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe .

Gamble, Sidney (1921) Peking: A Social Survey. New York: George H. Doran.

Gansu sheng difang shi zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Gansu Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1995) Gansu sheng zhi gongan zhi (Gansu province public security gazetteer). Lanzhou: Gansu wenhua chubanshe.

Guangdong caizheng tepaiyuan gongshu and Guangdongsheng zhengfu caizhengting [Guangdong Public Finance Special Agent Office and Guangdong Provincial Government Public Finance Department] [eds.] ( 1934) Guangdong sheng caizheng jishi (Notes on the real situation of public finance in Guangdong province). Guangzhou: Guangdong sheng zhengfu caizhengting.

Guangdong caizhengting disike tongjigu [Guangdong Public Finance Department Section No. 4 Statistics Office] [ed.] (1935) Guangdong caizheng tongji, 1932-33 (Guangdong public finance statistics, 1932-33) . Guangzhou: Guangdong caizhengting .

Guangdong caizhengting mishuchu [Guangdong Public Finance Department Office of the Secretary] [ed.] (1937) Guangdong caizheng jiyao (Important notes on Guangdong public finance). Guangzhou: Guangdong sheng caizhengting.

Guangdong minzhengting [Guangdong Civil Affairs Department] [ed.] (1928) Guangdong jingwu zhuangkuang (The situation of Guangdong police affairs). Guangdong minzhengting zheng gongbao tekan (Guangdong Civil Affairs Department administrative report, special issue). 2 vols. Guangzhou: Guangdong minzhengting.

Guangdong qingli caizhengju [Guangdong Bureau of Public Finance Reorganization] [ed.], Guangdong sheng caizheng kexue yanjiusuo [Guangdong Province Public Finance Scientific Research Office] [ed. of reprint] [1911] (1997) Guangdong caizheng shuoming shu (Statement of the fiscal policy of Guangdong). Expanded reprint. Guangzhou: Guangdong jingji chubanshe.

Guangdong sheng diaocha tongjiju [Guangdong Province Statistical Investigation Bureau] (1935) "Minguo ershier niandu Guangdong gexian difang yusuan tongji" [Republican year twenty-two Guangdong county-local budget statistics]. Tongji yuekan, no. 1, 3: 20-35.

--- ( 1936) "Minguo ershisi niandu Guangdong sheng gexian difang kuan suiru suichu yusuan biao" [Table of Republican year twenty-four Guangdong county-local funds budgetary income and expenditure]. Tongji yuekan, no. 2, 5: 20, 21, 29.

--- ( 1937) "Minguo ershisi niandu Guangdong sheng gexian difang kuan suiru fenlei yusuan biao" [Table of Republican year twenty-four Guangdong county-local funds budgetary income by category].Tongji yuekan, no. 3, 2: 12-13.

Guangdong sheng difang shi zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Guangdong Provincial Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (n.d.) Gongan zhi gao (Public security gazetteer, draft). Guangzhou: n.p.

--- [ed.] (1995) Shuiwu zhi (Taxation gazetteer). Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe.

Guangxi zhuangzu zizhi qu difang zhi bianzuan hui [Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (1995) Guangxi tongzhi caizheng zhi (Guangxi provincial gazetteer public finance gazetteer). Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe.

Guangzhou shi difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Guangzhou Municipal Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1999) Guangzhou shi zhi (Guangzhou municipal gazetteer). Vol. 9, pt. 2, "Caizheng shuiwu zhi" (Public finance and taxation gazetteer). Guangzhou: Guangzhou chubanshe.

Guangzhou shi zhengfu [Guangzhou Municipal Government] [ed.] (1931) Guangzhou shi shizheng jiyao (Summary of Guangzhou municipal government). Guangzhou: Guangzhou shi zhengfu.

Guiyang shi zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Guiyang Municipality Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (1991) Guiyang shi zhi minzheng zhi (Guiyang municipality gazetteer, civil affairs gazetteer). Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe.

Hangzhou shi difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Hangzhou Municipality Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1997) Hangzhou shi zhi (Hangzhou municipality gazetteer). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.

Heilongjiang sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Heilongjiang Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (1991) Heilongjiang sheng zhi caizheng zhi (Heilongjiang provincial gazetteer, public finance gazetteer). Ha'erbin : Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe.

Henan sheng difang shi zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Henan Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1994) Henan sheng zhi gongan zhi, jiancha zhi (Henan province gazetteer, public security gazetteer and procuracy gazetteer). Zhengzhou Henan renmin chubanshe.

Henriot, Christian (1993) Shanghai, 1927-1937: Municipal Power, Locality, and Modernization. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

--- ( 1996) " `From a throne of glory to a seat of ignominy': Shanghai prostitution revisited (1849-1949)." Modern China 22, 2: 132-63.

--- ( 1997) Belles de Shanghai: Prostitution et sexualité en Chine aux XIXe-XXe siècles. Paris: CNRS-Editions .

Hershatter, Gail (1989) "The hierarchy of Shanghai prostitution, 1919-1949." Modern China 15, 4: 463-97.

--- ( 1992) "Regulating sex in Shanghai: the reform of prostitution in 1920 and 1951," pp. 14585 in Frederic Wakeman Jr. and Wen-hsin Yeh (eds.), Shanghai Sojourners. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, Univ. of California.

--- ( 1997) Dangerous Pleasures: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Ho, Virgil Kit-Yiu (1993) "Selling smiles in Canton: prostitution in the early Republic" East Asian History 5 (June): 101-32.

Hubei sheng caizhengting [Hubei Province Public Finance Department] [ed.] [1913?] Hubei caizheng shuoming shu (Guide to Hubei public finance). N.p.: Hubei caizhengting .

Hubei sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Hubei Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] (1995) Hubei sheng zhi caizheng (Hubei province's public finance). Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe.

Hunan sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Hunan Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] (1987) Hunan sheng zhi caizheng zhi (Hunan province public finance gazetteer) . Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe .

Jiangsu sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Jiangsu Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1996) Jiangsu sheng zhi caizheng zhi (Jiangsu province gazetteer, public finance gazetteer), vol. 1. Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe.

Jiangxi sheng gongan zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Jiangxi Province Public Security Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] (1996) Jiangxi sheng gongan zhi (Jiangxi province public security gazetteer). Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe.

Jilin sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Jilin Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] (1991) Jilin sheng zhi zhengshi zhi, minzheng (Jilin province gazetteer, political affairs gazetteer, civil affairs). Changchun : Jilin renmin chubanshe.

Jilin shi difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Jilin Municipality Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1992) Jilin shi zhi gongan zhi (Jilin municipality gazetteer, public security gazetteer). Changchun: Jilin wenshi chuban she.

--- [ed.] (1993) Jilin shi zhi shuiwu zhi (Jilin municipality gazetteer, tax gazetteer). Changchun: Jilin wenshi chuban she.

Jin Zhong [ed.] (1996) Nanjing caizheng zhi (Nanjing public finance gazetteer). Nanjing : Hehai daxue chubanshe.

Kaiping xian shuiwu zhi bianxie xiaozu [Kaiping County Tax Gazetteer Editing Committee] [ed.] (1987) Kaiping xian shuiwu zhi (Kaiping county tax gazetteer). Kaiping, Guangdong: n.p.

Kuhn, Philip A. (1986) "The development of local government," Pp. 329-60 in John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker (eds.), The Cambridge History of China: Republican China, 1912-1949, vol. 13, pt. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Lingling diqu gonganchu [Lingling District Public Security Office ] [ed.] (1995) Lingling diqu zhi gongan zhi (Lingling district gazetteer public security gazetteer). Changsha: Hunan ribao.

Lipkin, Zwia (2001) "Keeping up appearances: The Nanjing municipal government and the city's éléments déclassés, 1927-1937." Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.

Liu Fujing and Wang Mingkun [1992] Jiu Guangdong yan du chang (Old Guangdong's opium, gambling, and prostitution) . Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju.

Mi BI ( 1922) "Guangzhou de feichang yundong" (Guangzhou's prostitution-abolition movement). Funü zazhi 8, 7: 44-46.

Nanxiong caishui zhi bianzuan lingdao xiaozu [Nanxiong Public Finance and Tax Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Leading Group] [ed.] (1988) Nanxiong caishui zhi (Nanxiong public finance and tax gazetteer). Nanxiong, Guangdong: n.p.

Nanxiong xian difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Nanxiong County Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1991) Nanxiong xian zhi (Nanxiong county gazetteer). Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe.

Ningxia caizheng zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Ningxia Public Finance Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] (1993) Ningxia caizheng zhi (Ningxia public finance gazetteer). Beijing: Zhongguo chengshi chubanshe.

Qin Qingjun (1983) "Minguo shiqi Guangdong caizheng shiliao 1911-1949" (Historical materials on Republican-era Guangdong public finance). Guangzhou wenshi ziliao, no. 29: 1-115.

Qingdao shi shi zhi bangongshi [Qingdao Municipality Gazetteer Office] [ed.] (1996) Qingdao shi zhi caizheng shuiwu shenji zhi (Qingdao municipality gazetteer, public finance, taxation, and auditing gazetteer). Beijing: Zhongguo dabaike quanshu chubanshe.

Qinghai sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Qinghai Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1995) Qinghai sheng zhi gongan zhi (Qinghai province gazetteer, public security gazetteer). Hefei: Huangshan shu she.

Rankin, Mary Backus (1986) Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.

Remick, Elizabeth J. (1996) "Cadres, clerks, and tax farmers: state building in rural China, 1927-1937 and 1982-1992" Ph.D. diss., Cornell Univ.

REN BUKUI (1997) "Jiefang qian Taiyuan changji jiankuang" (A brief outline of prostitution in Taiyuan before Liberation), pp. 580-85 in "Wenshi Jinghua" Bianjibu (Editorial Department of "The Best of Literature and History") (ed.), Jindai Zhongguo changji shiliao (Historical materials on prostitution in modern China). Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe.

Schoppa, R. Keith (1982) Chinese Elites and Political Change: Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.

Shaanxi sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Shaanxi Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1991) Shaanxi sheng zhi caizheng zhi (Shaanxi province gazetteer, public finance gazetteer). Xi'an: Shaanxi renmin chubanshe.

Shan Guangnai (1995) Zhongguo changji: guoqu he xianzai (Chinese prostitution: past and present). Beijing: Falü chubanshe.

Sheridan, James E. (1966) Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.

--- ( 1975) China in Disintegration. New York: Free Press.

Sichuan sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Sichuan Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] ( 1997a) Sichuan sheng zhi caizheng zhi (Sichuan province gazetteer, public finance gazetteer). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.

--- [ed.] (1997b) Sichuan sheng zhi gongan sifa zhi (Sichuan province gazetteer, public security and judiciary gazetteer). Chengdu : Sichuan renmin chubanshe.

Sommer, Matthew (2000) Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.

Stapleton, Kristin (2000) Civilizing Chengdu: Chinese Urban Reform, 1895-1937 . Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Asia Center, dist. by Harvard Univ. Press.

SU Shijie (1936) Guangdong caizhengting ge xiang shuijuan zhengshou zhangcheng (Guangdong public finance department regulations for collection of taxes in every township). Guangzhou: n.p.

Suzhou shi difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Suzhou Municipality Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1995) Suzhou shi zhi (Suzhou municipality gazetteer). Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe.

Tai'an xian caizheng zhi bianzuan xiaozu [Tai'an County Public Finance Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Small Group] [ed.] ( 1993) Tai'an xian caizheng zhi (Tai'an county public finance gazetteer). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.

Tianjin shi difang zhi bianxiu weiyuanhui [Tianjin Municipality Local Gazetteer Editing Committee] [ed.] (1996a) Tianjin tong zhi cai shui zhi (Tianjin gazetteer public finance and tax gazetteer) . Tianjin: Tianjin shehui kexue yuan chubanshe.

--- [ed.] (1996b) Tianjin tong zhi fu zhi: zujie (Tianjin gazetteer, supplementary gazetteer: concessions). Tianjin: Tianjin shehui kexue xueyuan chubanshe.

Tsin, Michael (1999) Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China: Canton, 1900-1927. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.

Wakeman, Frederic, JR (1995) Policing Shanghai, 1927-1937. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Wong, R. Bin (1997) China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press .

Wuhan difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Wuhan Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] [ed.] (1992) Wuhan shi zhi caizheng zhi (Wuhan municipality public finance gazetteer). Wuhan: Wuhan daxue chubanshe.

Xiangtan shi shuiwu zhi bianxie zu [Xiangtan Municipality Tax Gazetteer Editing Group] [ed.] (1990) Xiangtan shi shuiwu zhi (Xiangtan municipality tax gazetteer). Beijing: Jingji guanli chubanshe.

Xiangtan xian difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Xiangtan County Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee] (1995) Xiangtan xian zhi (Xiangtan county gazetteer). Changsha , Hunan: Hunan chuban she.

YAO XUEKUI (1997) "Jiu Datong changji shiling" (Tidbits about prostitution in old Datong), pp. 586-95 in "Wenshi Jinghua" Bianjibu (Editorial Department of "The Best of Literature and History") (ed.), Jindai Zhongguo changji shiliao (Historical materials on prostitution in modern China). Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe.

Yunnan sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui [Yunnan Province Local Gazetteer Editing and Compiling Committee ] [ed.] ( 1996) Yunnan sheng zhi gongan zhi (Yunnan province gazetteer, public security gazetteer). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.

Zhang Liangjie and Huang Cuihua [eds.] (1994) Nanjing shuiwu zhi (Nanjing tax gazetteer) . Shenzhen: Haitian chubanshe.

Zhang Liangjie and Shi Guojun [eds.] (1994) Nanjing minzheng zhi (Nanjing civil affairs gazetteer). Shenzhen: Haitian chubanshe .

"Zhenjiang changji qiangpo shizi" [Zhenjiang prostitutes forced to learn to read] (1935) Funü yuebao 1, 11 (10 Dec.): 14.

Zhu Qingfeng [ed.] (1992) Changchun shi zhi caizheng zhi (Changchun municipality gazetteer, public finance gazetteer) . Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe .