The focus of this study is on the challenges faced by the municipal government of early modern Edinburgh in attempting to regulate suburban work. It has been demonstrated that as taxation became more common in the Scottish capital, certain occupational groups attempted to avoid the monetary burdens by settling outside the town walls, beyond the reach of burgh jurisdiction. Over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the town council struggled to gain legal “superiority” over these constantly growing suburbs. This in turn led the Edinburgh craft guilds to seek superiority over their suburban counterparts. The effects of this process are highlighted by evidence from the surviving minute books of the metalworkers’ guilds, in both the capital and its suburbs, illuminating the struggle of a European capital to control the urban expansion beyond its jurisdiction.
J. Patten, English Towns 1500-1700 (Folkestone, 1978), 187.
2.
M. Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London, 2000 ), 64.
3.
Ibid., 171.
4.
M. Lynch, "Social and Economic Structure of the Larger Towns, 1450-1600," in M. Lynch, G. Stell, and M. Spearman, eds., The Scottish Medieval Town (Edinburgh, 1988), 276.
5.
P. Holdsworth, ed., Excavations in the Medieval Burgh of Perth, 1979-1981 (Edinburgh, 1987), 17.
6.
W.C. Skinner, The Barronie of Hilltowne Dundee: Its Industrial, Social and Religious Life (Dundee, 1927), 31-7.
7.
For examples: J. D. Marwick, ed., Records of the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1866), 116-17; J. D. Marwick and M. Wood, eds., Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh (Edin. Recs.), 1403-1665, 9 vols. and index, (Edinburgh, 1869-1940), vol. 4, 366-69, and vol. 5, 147; T. Thomson, ed., Acts of the Parliament of Scotland (APS), vol. 3, 1567-1592 (Edinburgh, 1814), 579; and Skinner, Barronie of Hilltowne, 48-50.
8.
Some parallels have already been drawn between the associations of locksmiths and clockmakers in Edinburgh, Reval, Ulm, and Augsburg. See A. M. Allen, The Locksmith Craft in Early Modern Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 2007), 61-2.
9.
Patten, English Towns, 188; M. Lynch, "Continuity and Change in Urban Society, 1500-1700," in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, eds., Scottish Society 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1989), 94, 96-8, 102.
10.
"Richard Franck, 1656," Document 121, in C. Erskine, A. R. MacDonald, and M. Penman, eds., Scotland: The Making and Unmaking of the Nation, c.1100-1707, vol. 5, Major Documents (Dundee, 2007), 228-29.
11.
Lynch, Scotland: A New History, 64.
12.
J. Gordon of Rothiemay, Edinodunensis Tabulam. (Amsterdam?, c1647), Key. Included are: "West port suburbs, Society suburbs, Potter raw suburbs, St. Mary wyn suburbs, Suburbs of Plaisanc, S. Ringengs suburbs, or the begger-raw, Bristow suburbs, and Suburbs of the Cannow-gait." Note that Leith was not included in the view. Available at http://www.nls.uk/maps/joins/gord1647.html
13.
J. Gordon of Rothiemay, Abredoniae Novae et Veteris Descriptio (Unknown, c1661), Key. Available at http://www.nls.uk/maps/towns/detail.cfm?id=209
14.
E.P.D. Torrie, Medieval Dundee: A Town and its People (Dundee , 1990), 35-6, 55.
15.
Patten, English Towns, 156-57; F. Braudel, "Pre-Modern Towns," in P. Clark, ed., The Early Modern Town: A Reader (London, 1977), 66-7; P. Clark and P. Slack, eds., Crisis and Order in English Towns, 150001700 (London, 1972), 142; C. R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (Harlow, 1995), 218.
16.
P. Clark and P. Slack, "Introduction," in Clark and Slack, Crisis and Order in English Towns, 18.
17.
Ibid., 34; P. Hindle, Medieval Town Plans (Princes Risborough, 2002), 50.
18.
Braudel, "Pre-Modern Towns," 66.
19.
G. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, Lines 657-62 ( London, 2004), 496-97.
20.
I.A. Archer, "Government in Early Modern London: The Challenge of the Suburbs," in P. Clark and R. Gillespie, eds., Two Capitals: London and Dublin 1500-1840 (Oxford, 2001), 134.
21.
J.P. Ward, Metropolitan Communities Trade Guilds, Identity, and Change in Early Modern London (Stanford, 1997), 17.
22.
Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 29. Shadwell, East London, saw nearly seven hundred houses built during the 1630s and 1640s. For further information on suburban housing, see M. J. Power, "East London Housing in the Seventeenth Century," in Clark and Slack, Crisis and Order in English Towns, 237-62. Canongate also saw a spate of building in the early seventeenth century, though this probably represents more upmarket residences. E. P. Dennison and M. Lynch, "Crown, Capital, and Metropolis Edinburgh and Canongate: The Rise of a Capital and an Urban Court," in Journal of Urban History 32 (2005): 35-6.
23.
C. Lennon , "The Changing Face of Dublin, 1550-1750," in Clark and Gillespie, Two Capitals, 46.
24.
Braudel, "Pre-Modern Towns,"66-7.
25.
See figures "u," "24," and "6" on J. Gordon of Rothiemay, Edinodunensis Tabulam (Amsterdam?, c1647), Key. Available at http://www.nls.uk/maps/joins/gord1647.html
26.
M. Wood, "St. Paul’s Work," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club , Original Series17 ( Edinburgh, 1930), 67-8.
27.
Lennon, "Changing Face of Dublin," 46.
28.
M. Lynch , Edinburgh and the Reformation ( Edinburgh, 1981), 43.
29.
J. Boulton , Neighbourhood and Society: A London Suburb in the Seventeenth Century ( London, 1987), 266.
30.
L.A.M. Stewart , Urban Politics and the British Civil Wars: Edinburgh, 1617-53 (Leiden, 2006), 193.
31.
Patten, English Towns, 157.
32.
For examples from London, see Boulton, Neighbourhood and Society, 263-64; Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 45; and for a counterargument, Archer, "Government in Early Modern London: The Challenge of the Suburbs," 134-35.
33.
Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 218.
34.
Skinner, Barronie of Hilltowne, 47-8; I. Duffus, "Extracts from the Record of the Town Council of Dundee, Index," Dundee City Archives, April 12, 1590.
35.
Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 28.
36.
Dennison and Lynch, "Crown, Capital, and Metropolis," 35. In 1587, an act of parliament annexed all church lands to the crown. This excluded the lands of the barony of Broughton, the burgh of Canongate, the Pleasance, and North Leith, which were all granted to Sir Lewis Bellenden, the Lord Justice Clerk, and erected into one free barony, the Barony of Broughton. Edinburgh City Archives (ECA) SL 149, Introduction.
37.
Lynch, Scotland: A New History, 182.
38.
Edin. Recs., vol. 1, 146; Edin. Recs., vol. 3, 67.
39.
W. Moir Bryce , "The Flodden Wall of Edinburgh," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Original Series2 (Edinburgh, 1909), 61-79. This structure replaced an older wall dating to c.1427, and it is likely that areas such as the Cowgate were at one time suburbs as well. Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, 13.
40.
W.M. Bryce , "The Black Friars of Edinburgh," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Original Series3 (Edinburgh, 1910), 72.
41.
For example, in 1584 the Edinburgh Council made reference to, "Canongate, Potterrow, and West Port, and other suburbs of the said burgh." Edin. Recs., vol. 4, 366-69.
42.
Gordon of Rothiemay, Edinodunensis Tabulam, Key.
43.
For more on the English invasion and its European context, see M. Merriman, The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-1551 (East Linton, 2000).
44.
T. Secombe, ed., Tudor Tracts 1532-1588 ( London, 1903), 43.
45.
D.J. Keene, "Suburban Growth," in R. Holt and G. Rosser, eds., The English Medieval Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1200-1540 (London, 1990), 97.
46.
Keene gives the example of tenth-century Winchester, with its "terra suburban" extending up to 5 miles out of the town. Ibid., 98.
47.
Ibid., 98.
48.
R. Fishman , Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York , 1987), 25.
49.
Keene, "Suburban Growth,"97.
50.
Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias, 9.
51.
Ibid., 43.
52.
Ibid., 25.
53.
Ibid., 26.
54.
Ibid., 25, 116.
55.
North Bridge was built to link Edinburgh with the New Town; South Bridge and George IV Bridge, both of which spanned over the Cowgate, connected the High Street with the south side of Edinburgh on one even level, meaning the residents of George Square did not have to contend with the small valley when going to the center. For more information on later suburban development in Edinburgh, see C. McKean, Edinburgh: Portrait of a City (Edinburgh, 1991), 138-41.
56.
For example, the Netherbow Port was removed in 1764. McKean, Edinburgh, 174.
57.
Canongate was founded by a charter from David I to the canons of Holyrood Abbey: "to establish a burgh between that church (Holyrood) and my burgh (Edinburgh); and I grant that their burgesses have common right of selling their wares and of buying in my market freely." ECA SL 149, Introduction to "Records of the Burgh of the Canongate," quoting ECA Historical Charter No. 1. Since this burgh was actually created from part of the "Regality and Barony of Broughton," it was henceforth referred to as a burgh of regality. ECA SL 149, Introduction.
58.
Dennison and Lynch, "Crown, Capital, and Metropolis," 24, 40.
59.
Ibid., 24.
60.
London pushed westward in the medieval period. See Appendix B, "The Eastern Boundary of Westminster," in D. Sullivan, The Westminster Circle (London, 2006), 396-97. It would appear that Edinburgh extended its boundary eastward into the Canongate sometime after 1513, as part of the northeast quarter peculiarly lay on the south side of the western Canongate, just outside the sixteenth-century town wall. C. B. B. Watson, "List of Owners of Property in Edinburgh, 1635," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club (Edinburgh, 1924), 115-19. See also the following maps: Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, 27; W. Bell, Plan of Regality of Canongate, (Edinburgh, 1813). Available at http://www.nls.uk/maps/towns/detail.cfm?id=426.
61.
Edin. Recs., vol. 4, 366-69; Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 29. Canongate has recently been referred to as a "garden suburb," highlighting that it was more genteel than the "typical" early modern suburb. Stewart, Urban Politics, 105. This point is clearly visible on Rothiemay’s 1647 map of densely built-up Edinburgh and Canongate’s dual rows of back gardens. Gordon of Rothiemay, Edinodunensis Tabulam.
62.
It is important to note that there were two separate and distinct sections of Leith: North Leith came to be the port of Canongate and South Leith that of Edinburgh.
63.
S. Mowat, The Port of Leith: Its History and its People ( Edinburgh , 1994), 13.
64.
These were the smaller harbor towns along the series of canals that connected Bruges to the Zwin, a body of water off the North Sea. Included were Damme, Sluis, Hoeke, Monnikerede, Mude, and Osstkerke.
Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, 22; L. A. M. Stewart, Urban Politics, 45.
67.
Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 35-8.
68.
J. Munro and H. S. Fotheringham , eds., Edinburgh Goldsmiths’ Minutes, 1525-1700 ( Edinburgh, 2006), 272.
69.
Edin. Recs., vol. 4, 366-69.
70.
T. Thomson, ed., Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, vol. 3, 1567-1592 (Edinburgh ,1814), 579.
71.
W.M. Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs (Edinburgh, 1949 ), 83.
72.
In 1671 further legislation decreed that suburbs were not even to exist within a mile of a royal burgh, though how this was to be enforced was not stated. Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 74.
73.
Ibid., 4-5.
74.
G.S. Pryde , The Burghs of Scotland: A Critical List ( Glasgow, 1965), 3-11; E. Ewan, "Townlife and Trade," in B. Harris and A. R. MacDonald , eds., Scotland: The Making and Unmaking of the Nation, c.1100-1707, vol. 1 (Dundee , 2006), 124.
75.
Royal burghs formed one of the three estates of parliament. J. Goodare, The Government of Scotland 1560-1625 (Oxford, 2004), 50-1.
76.
M. Lynch et al., The Scottish Medieval Town ( Edinburgh, 1988), 4.
77.
Spelling modernized. Edin. Recs., vol. 3, 273.
78.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 62.
79.
T.M. Devine , "The Merchant Class of the Larger Scottish Towns in the Later Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries," in G. Gordon and B. Dicks , eds., Scottish Urban History ( Aberdeen , 1983 ), 93.
80.
These were Pryde’s "de facto royal burghs," such as St. Andrews. Pryde, Burghs of Scotland, 32.
81.
For discussion of baronial burghs’ crafts, see the following.
82.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 68, 78; and Pryde, Burghs of Scotland, 31-2.
83.
E.P.D. Torrie , "The Guild in Fifteenth-Century Dunfermline ," in Lynch et al., The Scottish Medieval Town , 252.
84.
E.P. Dennison , "Urban Society and Economy," in B. Harris and A. R. MacDonald , eds., Scotland: The Making and Unmaking of the Nation, c.1100-1707, vol. 2 (Dundee , 2006), 145.
85.
H. Swanson , "The Illusion of Economic Structure: Craft Guilds in Late Medieval English Towns," in Past and Present , 121 (Oxford, 1988), 29-48.
86.
J. Colston, The Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1891), 223. The famous 1583 decreet arbitral was signed by the deacons of the surgeons, hammermen, tailors, skinners, goldsmiths, baxters, furriers, wrights, masons, fleshers, cordiners, websters, walkers, and bonnet-makers. There were other incorporations as well, but it appears that only fourteen were political, while trades such as the Incorporation of Candlemakers were not included. Ibid., 153-54. Such was the case with Stirling’s seven political and four nonpolitical incorporations. D. B. Morris, The Trade Incorporations of Stirling (Stirling, 1932), passim.
87.
Glasgow also had fourteen, but their seals of cause were granted later than those of Edinburgh.
88.
A. I. Cameron, "The Canongate Crafts: An Agreement of 1610," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Original Series 14 (Edinburgh, 1925), 27-8; and ECA SL 151. The eight incorporations were the hammermen, tailors, baxters, cordiners, wrights/coopers, weavers, fleshers, and barbers.
89.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 83. Included were hammermen, baxters, weavers, wrights, masons, shoemakers (of Easter and Wester Portsburgh), and tailors. Six of these were first incorporated in 1582; the others followed.
90.
Edin. Recs., vol. 3, 274. In 1570 these included smiths, coopers, tailors, baxters, cordiners, fleshers, and websters.
91.
C.B.B. Watson, The Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses and Guild Brethren, 1406-1700, SRS , (Edinburgh, 1929), 12.
92.
For example, the tailors of Inverness complained about "outlandish men" taking their trade in 1659. Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 74, 135-36.
93.
Burgess-ship could be purchased at a lower rate by right of father, wife, or apprenticeship, but was also open to unfreemen for a higher rate. It could also be received gratis for service to the town, or through patronage. J. D. Marwick, Edinburgh Guilds and Crafts (Edinburgh, 1909), 81, 98, 145-46.
94.
Watson, Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses and Guild Brethren, 6. Most burgh head courts, which in theory represented the urban franchise of "neighbors," or free burgesses, met much less frequently. In Edinburgh it had traditionally been an annual meeting, but this had been abandoned altogether by the sixteenth century. Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, 3, 39. In the 1550s, Dundee’s head court met twice a year in January and October, though in later years it varied. A. J. Warden, Burgh Laws of Dundee (London, 1872), 12-21, 26-31.
95.
Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, 10.
96.
Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 143.
97.
See J. Farr, Artisans in Europe, 1300-1914 (Cambridge, 2000), 6.
98.
In London there was discussion of unfinished apprenticeship equating to inferior workmanship; a problem that no doubt affected other cities. Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 18.
99.
Marwick, Records of the Convention of the Royal Burghs, vol. 1, 116-17.
100.
Edin. Recs., vol. 5, 299. For discussion of seals of cause, or craft charters, see Allen, The Locksmith Craft in Early Modern Edinburgh, 7-11, and J. Colston, The Incorporated Trades, passim.
101.
H.M. Dingwall , Late Seventeenth-Century Edinburgh: A Demographic Study (Aldershot, 1994), 184.
102.
A.R. MacDonald , The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c.1550-1651 (Aldershot, 2007), 25-6.
103.
Canongate was only one of the various burghs of regality given to the kirk in the lands near Edinburgh. The abbey of Dunfermline was granted several burghs, including Musselburgh, to the east of Leith. After the Reformation changed the patterns of land-holding, the town eventually was erected into a royal burgh in 1632. Edinburgh’s magistrates obtained a decreet of reduction of the burgh’s charter from the privy council, and Musselburgh, though still a royal burgh, was not allowed to return a delegate to the convention of royal burghs. J. Paterson, History of the Regality of Musselburgh, reprint of 1857 ed. (Leicester, 1984), 29-30. In addition to Musselburgh, the abbey of Dunfermline also was granted Queensferry and Kirkcaldy, two other ports on the Firth of Forth. Pryde, Burghs of Scotland, 33.
104.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 78; Goodare, The Government of Scotland 1560-1625, 182-83.
105.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 78.
106.
E.P. Dennison , Holyrood and Canongate: A Thousand Years of History (Edinburgh, 2005), 47.
107.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 80.
108.
Edin. Recs., vol. 4, 366-69.
109.
Ibid., vol. 4, 350.
110.
Thomson, APS, vol. 3, 579.
111.
Edin. Recs., vol. 5, 147.
112.
Ibid., vol. 5, 149.
113.
Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 29-30.
114.
Ibid., 144.
115.
Lynch, "Social and Economic Structure of the Larger Towns, 1450-1600," 276.
116.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 135-36.
117.
Allen, Locksmith Craft, 19-22.
118.
Ward has argued that the London livery companies viewed this need for access as an opportunity to turn the suburbs to their advantage, offering access to markets in return for submission to company rule. Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 144-45.
119.
Lynch, "Social and Economic Structure of the Larger Towns, 1450-1600," 275-77.
120.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 136.
121.
One example from Leicester, England, stated that suburban dwellers: "like drone bees to the hive, paying neither scot nor lot, lye lurking in the suburbs and other secret places, in and about this town, and rob your suppliants of the work." M. Bateson, Records of the Borough of Leicester, vol. 3, 1509-1603, (Leicester, 1905), xlii.
122.
In the medieval period, those who had committed a crime could go to the "sanctuary" or "girth cross" at the eastern end of the Canongate High Street to attain the protection of the abbey. After the Reformation, sanctuary applied only to debtors, but the institution remained in place until the 1800s. Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 40-3.
123.
There was even a prison within the abbey grounds in the later seventeenth century for those who took on further debt while there. L. Ewan, "Debtors, Imrprisonment and the Privilege of Girth," in L. Leneman, ed., Perspectives in Scottish Social History (Aberdeen, 1988), 63-5.
124.
Thomson, APS, vol. 3, 579.
125.
The suburbs had their own charges for the right to work or trade, which the Edinburgh saw as stolen revenue: "the inhabitants of the suburbs and villages about this burgh takes greater duties nor the town does." Edin. Recs., vol. 5, 299.
126.
Mowat, The Port of Leith, 127-28.
127.
Ibid., 151; Pryde, Burghs of Scotland, 69.
128.
Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 43. Cobblers were allowed to work their trade upon payment of certain dues, though they were not allowed to become freemen of the incorporation.
129.
Ibid., 43.
130.
Ibid., 47.
131.
A merk was worth 13 shillings (s) and 4 pence (d). This converted to £13,333/6s/8d Scots.
132.
Edin. Recs., vol. 8, 151, 156.
133.
Ibid., vol. 8, xliv.
134.
Ibid., vol. 8, 208, 213.
135.
Mackenzie, The Scottish Burghs, 63.
136.
Edin. Recs., vol. 7, 313.
137.
Ibid., vol. 9, 175.
138.
A.M. Allen , "Occupational Mapping of 1635 Edinburgh: An Introduction," in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 136 (Edinburgh , 2006), 273.
139.
Edin. Recs., vol. 6, 211.
140.
Mowat, The Port of Leith, 152.
141.
Edin. Recs., vol. 8, 181.
142.
Ward, Metropolitan Communities, 32.
143.
There are examples of this practice at much earlier dates, such as the place name "Potterrow." The very nature of Potterrow, which represents occupational zoning of the potters’ foundries, shows that the suburbs could be a useful expedient for the town council. The founding of copper-alloy, or "pot metal," cooking pots was a fire hazard, and the place-name suggests that this craft was marginalized for the common good.
144.
H.M. Dingwall , Physicians, Surgeons and Apothecaries: Medical Practice in Seventeenth-Century Edinburgh (East Linton , 1995), 55-6.
145.
Edin. Recs., vol. 8, 353-55. Their new location seems to have worked well for them, as they built an expensive and conspicuous new convening hall there in the 1720s. S. Harris, The Place Names of Edinburgh (London, 2002), 141.
146.
The council’s zoning lived on as a place name, with the street still being called "Candlemaker Row" today. Harris, The Place Names of Edinburgh, 141.
147.
Edin. Recs., vol. 8, 355; Edin. Recs., vol. 9, 265, 268.
148.
Edin. Recs., vol. 9, 265, 268.
149.
Dennison, "Urban Society and Economy," 150.
150.
Edin. Recs., vol. 3, 273.
151.
Ibid., vol. 7, 313.
152.
Ibid., vol. 7, xxxiv.
153.
Ibid., vol. 7, xxxiv.
154.
ECA ED008/1/4, Incorporation of Hammermen of Edinburgh Minute Books, May 10, 1664.
155.
Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 47.
156.
Ibid., 47.
157.
Cameron, "The Canongate Crafts: An Agreement of 1610," 27-8; ECA SL 151/3/1. Canongate’s Incorporation of Cordiners was given its seal of cause in 1538. Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 43.
158.
For discussion on the relationship between bullying tactics and political office of the Edinburgh craftsmen, see Stewart, Urban Politics, 140-41.
159.
C.A. Malcolm , "Incorporation of Cordiners of the Canongate, 1538-1773," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Original Series18 ( Edinburgh , 1932), 119.
160.
W. Makey , "Edinburgh in Mid-Seventeenth Century," in M. Lynch, ed., The Early Modern Town in Scotland ( London, 1987 ), 196; Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 48.
161.
Dingwall, Late Seventeenth-Century Edinburgh, 17.
162.
ECA SL 69/1/1 and ED008/1/2. It is suspected that some of the names on the lists were added in subsequent years, but despite the color of ink used, the incorporation’s clerk put the new names on the old list without comment, indicating that he associated them with the older hammermen. Since the exact year when the names were added is unknown, the original year, which cannot be far off, will be used. The 1643 list appears to be predominantly from that year, as all but one or two of the names were masters by 1643, and the last name on the list was a master by 1645. C. E. Whitelaw, Scottish Arms Makers (London, 1977), "Robert Beir," 197.
163.
ECA SL 69/1/1 and ED008/1/2 & 3.
164.
Allen, Locksmith Craft, 46-7.
165.
G. Dalgleish and S. Maxwell, The Lovable Craft, 1687-1987 ( Edinburgh, 1987), 4.
166.
J. Munro and H. S. Fotheringham, eds., Edinburgh Goldsmiths’ Minutes, 1525-1700 (Edinburgh, 2006), 13, 350-52, 357.
167.
It is known that there was at least one foundry still operating in Potterrow in 1639, where the famous cannon were made for the Covenanters’ army by Alexander Hamilton. D. Stevenson and D. H. Caldwell, "Leather Guns and Other Light Artillery in Mid-17th-Century Scotland," in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 108 (Edinburgh, 1976-9777), 303.
168.
ECA ED008/1/4 & 5.
169.
ECA ED008/1/5, September 20, 1707.
170.
Allen, Locksmith Craft, 17. Unlike the smaller suburbs, Canongate had many gunsmiths. ECA SL 69/1/1 Transcription "Hammermen Craft of the Canongate 1613-1687."
171.
Ibid., 15.
172.
ECA SL 69/1/1 Transcription.
173.
ECA ED008/1/4-5. "Portsburgh" is given instead of "West Port," although Potterrow is separate.
174.
ECA SL 69/1/1-2, Canongate Incorporation of Hammermen Minutes.
175.
Allen, Locksmith Craft, 16.
176.
ECA SL 69/1/1 Transcription, October 30, 1648; Dennison, Holyrood and Canongate, 80-1
177.
ECA ED008/1/2, September 1613. For more on how the various crafts fit into these eight subcrafts, and on the unofficial associations within the incorporation based on common technologies and materials which crystallized in the 1690s, see Allen, Locksmith Craft, chapter 3.
178.
ECA SL 69/1/1, May 1613. Note: The margins of the minute books were usually labelled "xii Maisters" at the election entries, though the 1613 entry lists fourteen men next to it.
179.
For demographic figures on the Edinburgh Incorporation, see Allen, Locksmith Craft, 20-1
180.
Cameron, "The Canongate Crafts: An Agreement of 1610," 28-9.
181.
The capital retained the superiority over the regality until Canongate was fully absorbed into the municipality in 1856. M. Wood, "Survey of the Development of Edinburgh," in The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, Original Series 34 (Edinburgh, 1974), 29.
182.
Edin. Recs., vol. 9, 260.
183.
Dingwall, Late Seventeenth-Century Edinburgh, 182.
184.
Edin. Recs., vol. 8, 277.
185.
Ibid., vol. 8, 204.
186.
Ibid., vol. 8, 208, 213.
187.
Ibid., vol. 8, 204.
188.
Dennison, "Urban Society and Economy," 145.
189.
Marshall, Old Leith at Work, 16.
190.
Colston, Incorporated Trades, 25.
191.
P. Martin, Cupar: The History of a Small Scottish Town ( Edinburgh , 2006), 212.
