Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community ( New York, 2000).
2.
For critiques of social capital theory, see Sheri Berman, "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic," World Politics 49, no. 3 (1997): 401-29; Michael W. Foley and Bob Edwards, "Is It Time to Disinvest in Social Capital," Journal of Public Policy 19, no. 2 (1999): 141-73; Irene Taviss Thomson, "The Theory That Won’t Die: From Mass Society to the Decline of Social Capital," Sociological Forum 20, no. 3 (September 2005): 421-48. For a historian’s assessment of Bowling Alone, see Robyn Muncy, "Disconnecting: Social and Civic Life in America since 1965," Reviews in American History 29, no. 1 (March 2001): 141-49.
3.
Exceptions include Stephen Innes, Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England (New York, 1995); David T. Beito, "To Advance The ‘Practice of Thrift and Economy’: Fraternal Societies and Social Capital, 1890-1920,"Journal of Interdisciplinary History29, no. 4 (1999): 585-612.
4.
Sam Bass Warner Jr. , The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth, 2d ed. (Philadelphia , 1987).
5.
Jon C. Teaford , The Unheralded Triumph: City Government in America, 1870-1900 (Baltimore, 1984 ); Terence J. McDonald, The Parameters of Urban Fiscal Policy: Socio-economic Change and Political Culture in San Francisco, 1860-1906 ( Berkeley, 1986); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 ( Chicago, 1991); Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 (New York, 2001 ); Mary P. Ryan , Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City during the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, 1997).
6.
For use and exchange values, see John R. Logan and Harvey L. Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley, 1987).
7.
Mark Chaves, Congregations in America (Cambridge, MA, 2004).
8.
Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity (New York, 1998).
9.
Although its origins lie in Quakerism, Bryn Mawr shifted to a secular orientation far earlier than either Swarthmore or Haverford. For Lyons on the Old Left, see Paul Lyons, Philadelphia Communists, 1936-1956 (Philadelphia, 1982).